health-AT2

Question 1

Outline a Similarity and a difference between incidence and prevalence? 2 marks

Answer 1

Incidence and prevalence are both measures of health status. Incidence is …….. Prevalence is ……

Question 2

What is the full form of OA

Answer 2

On arrival and osteoarthritis.

Question 3

Explain how ABTI can have lower Physical health and well-being yet higher overall health and well-being when compared to non-indigenous Australians. 6 marks

Answer 3

B/C ABTI may have decreased (physical) which may be due to high rates of smoking this may lead to an increase in the inhalation of carcinogenic materials which may lead to a decrease in the efficient functioning of the body systems e.g. respiratory which may lead to an increase in the number of ABTI people being diagnosed with lung cancer as compared to non-ABTI.Also, ABTI people may have decreased (Physical) as they may be at greater risk of obesity which may lead to increased pain on joints this may lead to an increase in the number of people being diagnosed with osteoarthritis which may lead to an inability to do daily tasks with ease such as bending down to grab items this may be due to the increased pain on joints in ABTI as compared to non-ABTI. However, ABTI may have increased (Spiritual) as they may have increased connection to their land and culture, therefore increasing (spiritual) in ABTI people as compared to non-ABTI people. . Also, ABTI may have increased (Social) as they may have an increased ability to adapt to different social situations such as talking to the elders in their community, therefore increasing (Social) in ABTI as compared to non-ABTI.

Question 4

Explain how positive health and wellbeing can impact another two dimensions of health and wellbeing( 6 marks)

Answer 4

Having positive (Spiritual) such as a sense of connection to their family can increase their meaningful and satisfying relationships when they come together at gatherings therefore increasing (social). Having positive (Spiritual) such as having a job may increase the sense of purpose in life this may lead to a decrease in financial stress therefore increasing (mental).

Question 5

How do Acholic drinks LEAD TO E.A.T?

Answer 5

B/C alcoholic drinks are energy dense—-> and increase risk of +ve energy balance—> Increased risk of E.A.T around the body.

Question 6

How does low fibre lead to colorectal cancer?

Answer 6

B/C Low fibre —–> Increased risk of constipation—–> Allows cancer-causing agents to linger in the bowel and increase the risk of developing tumours—> Colorectal-Cancer.

Question 7

How does High saturated fat intake lead to CVD?

Answer 7

B/C High Saturated Fat intake is energy dense—>Increase level of LDL—> Increase risk of build-up of Cholestrol on blood vessel walls—>a decrease in the amount of blood being supplied to the heart—> Increased strain on the heart—-> increased risk of CVD.

Question 8

How do Inadequate physical activity levels lead to Obesity?

Answer 8

B/C Inadequate physical activity levels —-> decreased energy output—-> Increased risk of positive energy balance—> Increased risk of obesity.

Question 9

How does increased body weight lead to CVD?

Answer 9

B/C Increased body weight—->Obesity—->E.A.T around heart—->Increased strain on heart—>CVD.

Question 10

How does increased body weight lead to T2DM?

Answer 10

B/C Increased body weight—->Obesity—->damage to insulin receptors—–>Impaired glucose regulation—-> T2DM.

Question 11

How does increased body weight lead to HTN?

Answer 11

B/C Increased body weight—->Obesity—> Increased strain on heart—-> HTN.

Question 12

How does increased body weight lead to Osteoarthritis?

Answer 12

B/C Increased body weight—->Obesity—> Increased pressure on joints—–> Increased inflammation and pain on joints—–>Osteoarthritis.

Question 13

Identify a biological factor affecting health and explain how it contributes to the variation in LE For ABTI as compared to non-ABTI people. (2 marks )

Answer 13

High body weight (Biological). B/C ABTI have a higher body weight leading to increased E.A.T around the heart then this can increase the strain on the heart. Therefore increasing the risk of MI and premature death from cardiac arrest decreasing L.E. IN ABTI PEOPLE AS COMPARED TO NON-ABTI PEOPLE.

Question 14

Explain the impact risk taking behavior is likely to have on the health status of Australians aged 12 to 18 years ( 2 marks)

Answer 14

Because risk taking behavior’s e.g. swimming while intoxicated can impair coordination and increase the risk of drowning. Then this may result in premature death lowering the life expectancy of 12 to 18 year old Australians therefore lowering the health status of Australians age 12 to 18 years.

Question 15

Explain the impact of a land traffic accident on any health and well being (2 marks)

Answer 15

Because a land traffic accident could result in a serious injury e.g fractured wrist —- impact on (S,M,S,E,P )HWB

Question 16

Explain the impact smoking/vaping is likely to have on the health status of Australians (2 marks)

Answer 16

Because smoking / vaping can lead to conditions such as lung cancer, the abnormal and uncontrollable growth of cells in the lungs. This may lead decreased oxygen intake which may led to decreaed oxygen being able to be transferred to cells and could lead to premature cell death ( necrosis) this may then lead to premature death thus decreasing life expectancy and lowering the health status of Australians.

Question 17

Outline the impact smoking/vaping is likely to have on the physical health and wellbeing (2 marks)

Answer 17

Smoking could result in the increase shortness of breath which could impair an individual’s ability to engage in daily physical tasks e.g. getting upstairs with ease, therefore lowering (physical).

Question 18

Explain the impact poor sun safety is likely to have on the health status of Australians. (2 marks)

Answer 18

Because Poor sun safety such as not wearing sunscreen can lead to skin cancer e.g. Melanoma. This uncontrollable an abnormal cell growth may result in premature death, lowering the life expectancy of Australians, therefore lowering the health status of Australians.

Question 19

Explain the impact of skin cancer on the physical health and wellbeing. (2 marks)

Answer 19

Skin cancer e.g. BCC which is the abnormal and uncontrollable growth of basal cells could result in the spread of tumor’s which could impair an individual ability to engage in daily physical tasks with ease e.g. shopping for groceries and therefore lowering (physical).

Question 20

Explain the impact poor water safety can have on the health status of Australians (2 marks)

Answer 20

Because poor water safety e.g. not wearing a life jacket when in a boat can increase risk of drowning then this may result in the premature death, lowering the life expectancy of Australians therefore lowering health status.

Question 21

Explain the impact of a near drowning on mental health and well being. (2 marks)

Answer 21

nd–ptsd—fear around water—decreased mental

Question 22

Using your understanding of factors that impact variations in health explain the above data and how it impacts variations in health status and explain the health and well being for aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders compared to non indigenous Australians. ( 8 marks).

Answer 22

Opening: aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders generally have decreased health status and health and well being compared to non indigenous Australians due to factors such as ( insert factors) differences.
BP1: because aboriginal and Torres strait Islanders have lower ( factor) ( insert what type of factor socio/eco/cult) due to……. ( source x) compare to non indigenous Australians. Then they are less likely to be able to ( example-afford nutrient dense foods e.g. fresh foods high in fibre), Therefore they are mire likely to suffer from ………. Because of decreased (insert buzz words of ( P/S/E/SP/M H&WB) decreasing ( P/S/E/SP/M H&WB) ( source x) leading it more likely to cause deaths, increasing mortality rates compared to non-indigenous ( source x).
BP2: Same structure.
Conclusion: ` Add aboriginal interest rate Islanders are impacted more by factors such as
(insert factors) they have lower ( insert 2-H&WB’S) health and well being and health status compared to non indigenous Australians

Question 23

Explain how motor vehicle accidents could contribute to increase rates of morbidity.( 2 marks)

Answer 23

Motor vehicle accidents can result in injuries such as fractures which can cause ill health due to pain and limited range of motion. And ill health can increase levels/rates of morbidity.

Question 24

Explain what is meant by hypoxia and how it could lead to necrosis. ( 2 marks)

Answer 24

Hypoxia refers to do you abnormal condition of decreased levels of oxygen which can lead to necrosis premature cell death as cells require oxygen.

Question 25

Explain how diet can act as a protective and risk factor for obesity.( 4 marks)

Answer 25

Because foods high in fibre such as apples lead to decreased blood glucose levels in the body and increased satiety as they reduce the constant urge to snack this could lead to a decrease risk of a positive energy balance therefore decreasing the risks of obesity. Foods high in trans fats such as supermarket cakes and pies can lead to increased blood glucose levels in the body and decrease satiety as they can lead to an increase constant urge to snack this could lead to an increase risk of a positive energy balance therefore increasing the risks of obesity.

Question 26

Smoking and vaping can lead to “sticky blood”. Explain how smoking and vaping could cause my myocardial infraction. ( 2 marks )

Answer 26

Because smoking/vaping can lead to the inhalation of carcinogenic materials this can lead an increased risk of sticky blood. Sticky blood is chemicals in the blood that make the blood more sticky this can increase the risk of clots forming in the blood vessels feeding the heart, this can lead to decreased risk of oxygen and blood to the heart muscle which can lead to increased strain on heart which may lead to an increased risk of a myocardial infraction.

Question 27

Explain how increased rates of obesity is likely to affect the health status of Australians. (2 marks)

Answer 27

Because there are increased rates over B city this can then increase rates of CVD due to increased strain on the heart, which can lead to a myocardial infarction which can often be fatal. This may result in premature death, decreasing life expectancy and therefore lowering the health status of Australians.

Question 28

Identify and explain a factor that could increase the risk of an individual developing pneumonia.(2 marks)

Answer 28

Having a low income(social-cultural) could mean that an individual cannot afford medication(Ventolin) to manage breathing difficulties increasing the chances of developing asthma, which in turn is a risk factor for pneumonia.

Question 29

Identify and explain a risk factor that are increase the risk of an individual developing an STI. (2 marks)

Answer 29

Having a low income(sociocultural) could mean that an individual may not be able to afford barrier method contraception e.g. condoms to prevent the transmission of bodily fluids which would increase the chances of a person transmitting HIV.

Question 30

Identify and explain a factor that could increase the risk of an individual developing the flu (2 marks)

Answer 30

Having low income(social-cultural) could mean that an individual cannot afford a quality education to increase awareness of how the flu is spread e.g. Washing hands and surfaces in hot soapy water. Therefore increasing the risk of contracting the flu.