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Patho III > Health Assessment > Flashcards

Health Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Angle of Louis

A

manubriosternal angle, the articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum, continuous with the 2nd rib.

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2
Q

Bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to XS mucus secretion

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3
Q

Bronchial (Tracheal)

Bronchovesicular

Vesicular

A

3 normal breath sounds heard while auscultating different areas of the lungs

High Pitch (short in, long out)

Moderate Pitch (equal in/out)

Low Pitch (long in, short out)

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4
Q

Bronchophony

Egophony

Whispered Pectoriloquy

A
  • spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope-sounds soft, muffled, indistinct over normal lung tissue (“99”)
  • the voice sound of “eeee” heard through the stethoscope (“aaa” over consolidation)
  • normally response is faint, muffled, almost inaudible (“1,2,3” sounds very clear when consolidation is present)
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5
Q

Crackles

A

abdnormal, discountinous adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration

(heard: atelectasis, pneumonia, bronchitis, HF-base of lungs, TB-upper lobes, PE, ARDS)

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6
Q

Crepitus

A

coarse crackling palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from the lung and enters the subcutaneous tissue

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7
Q

Hyperventilation

Hypoventilation

A

=deep respirations with rate greater than 24-precipitated by fear, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, acidosis and infection

Causes decrease in CO2, increase in pH=alkalosis

Causes a rise in CO2, decrease in pH=acidosis

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8
Q

Ronchi

A

low-pitched adventitious lung sounds cause by airflow obstruction from secretions (mucous)

(Heard: ARDS)

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9
Q

Wheeze

A

High-pitched, musical, squeaking adventitous lung sound

(Heard: bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, PE)

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10
Q

Resonance

Hyperresonance

Dull

A

nomal

too much air (emphysema, pneumothorax)

dull (abnormal density in lungs-pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelactisis, tumor)

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11
Q

Precordium

A

area on anterior chest directly over-lying the heart and great vessels

(pericardium=fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart)

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12
Q

Apical Impulse

A

produced during contraction, when heart beats against chest wall-5th intercostal, mid-clavicular=PMI

heave or lift during ventricle systole if ventricular hypertrophy is present

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13
Q

Abnomally high pressure in the right side of the heart

Left side

A

shows in the neck veins and abdomen

=pulmonary congestion

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14
Q

S3

S4

A

occurs when the ventricles are resistant to filling during early, rapid filling phase (immediately after S2) abnormal after age 35-may be an early sign of HF

occurs at the end of diastole when ventricle is resistant to filling (just before S1)-caused by CAD

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15
Q

CO = SV x HR

A
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16
Q

Preload

Afterload

A

the venous return that builds during diastole

the opposing pressure the ventricle must generate to open the aortic valve against the higher aortic pressure

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17
Q

Starling’s Law

A

the greater the stretch, the stronger the heart’s contraction-to a point-after which it won’t go back=cardiomyopathy

18
Q

Age related ECG changes

A

Prolonged P-R interval, prolonged QT interval, QRS interval is unchanged

19
Q

carotid bruit

A

audible when 1/2-2/3 occluded. disappears when completely occluded.

20
Q

Thrill

A

a palpable vibration-signifies turbulent blood flow and accompanies loud murmurs.

21
Q

Cardiac Enlargement

A

HTN, CAD, HF, cardiomyopathy

22
Q

Sinus arrhythmia

A

occurs normally in young adults and children=rhythm varies with breathing-increasing at peak of inspiration, slowing with expiration

23
Q

Pulse Defecit

A

Apical Rt-Radial Rt= Pulse Defecit

(signals weak ventricular contraction; occurs with A-fib, premature beats and heart failure)

24
Q

Heart Failure

A

dilated pupils

skin-pale, gray, cyanotic

dypsnea, SOBOE

orthopnea (can only breath sitting up)

crackles, wheeze

cough (frothy pink or white sputum)

decreased BP (causes increased HR and increase force of contraction)

N/V (peristalsis slows-bile and fluids back-up)

Ascites

Dependent, pitting edema

anxiety (from pulmonary congestion)

falling O2 saturation

Jugular vein distension (venous congestion)

infarct

fatigue

S3 gallop, tachy

enlarged spleen, liver (from venous congestion-causes pressure on breathing)

decreased urine output (as kidneys compensate for decreased cardiac output by retaining Na and H20)

weak pulse, cool moist skin (as peripheral vasoconstriction shunts blood to vital organs)

25
Q

modified Allen Test

A

0cclude radial and ulnar pulses to check for adequacy of collateral circulation bf cannulating the radial artery.

26
Q

Arterial-Ischemic Ulcer

A

deep muscle pain in calf or foot, claudication (pain with walking), coolness, pallor, elevational pallor, dependent rubor, diminished pulses, systolic bruits, signs of malnutrition (thin, shiny skin, thick-ridged nails, muscle atrophy), distal gangrene. Ulcers occur at toes, metatarsal heads, heels, lateral ankle, characterized by pale ischemic base, well defined edges, no bleeding.

27
Q

Venous (stasis) Ulcer

A

after acute DVT or chronic incompetent valves in deep veins

aching pain in lower calf, worse at end of day, firm, brawny edema, coarse, thickened skin, pulses normal, brown pigment discoloration, petechiae, dermatitis, increased venous pressure–RBC’s leak out of veins and onto skin, RBC breakdown=hemosiderin (iron deposits) behind=brown pigment deposits, weepy, pruritic statis dermatitis may be present

ulcers occur at medial malleolus and are characterized by bleeding, uneven edges.

28
Q

atherosclerosis

A

risk factors: obesity, smoking, HTN, diabetes mellitus, elevated serum cholesterol, sedentary, family history of hyperlipidemia

29
Q
A
30
Q

cholecystits

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

31
Q

Pyrosis

A

=Heartburn

32
Q

Tympany

A

high-pitched, musical, drumlike heard when percussiing over the stomach and intestine.

dull over liver and spleen, distended bladder, adipose tissue, fluid or a mass

hyperresonance=gaseous distention

33
Q

Abdomen

A
  1. inspection
  2. auscultation
  3. percussion
  4. palpation
34
Q

Blumberg’s Sign

A

rebound tenderness-accompanies appendicitis-peritoneal inflammation

35
Q

Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness

A

sharp pain=inflammation of kidney

36
Q

Murphy Sign

A

pain felt when taking a deep breath while examiner’s fingers are on the approximate location of inflamed gallbladder.

37
Q

Ascites

A

occurs with HF, portal HTN, cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, cancer, renal failure

38
Q

involuntary rigidity

A

constant, board-like hardness of the muscles-protective mechanism accompanying acute inflammation of the peritoneum; may be unilateral, painful upon sitting

39
Q

Fremitus

A

decreased fremitus: COPD, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tumors, fibrosis of lung

increased fremitus: consolidation-lobar pneumonia

40
Q

Split S2

A

Normal at end of inspiration

Patho III (3 decks)

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