Health Appraisal and Risk Assessment Flashcards
Exercise
A type of physical activity consisting of planned, structured and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness.
Physical Fitness
A set of attributes or characteristics individuals have or achieve that relates to their ability to preform physical activity.
What are the two components of physical fitness?
Health-related and Skill-related
What are the Health-related physical fitness components? (5)
Cardiorespiratory endurance Body composition Muscular strength Muscular endurance Flexibility
What are the Skill-related physical fitness components? (6)
Agility Coordination Balance Power Reaction time Speed
Cardiorespiratory endurance
The ability of the circulatory and respiratory system to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity
Body composition
The relative amounts of: Muscle, Fat, Bone, and other vital parts of the body.
Muscular strength
The ability of muscle to exert force
Muscular endurance
The ability of muscle to continue to preform without fatigue
Flexibility
Range of motion available at a joint
Agility
The ability to change the position of the body in space with speed and accuracy
Coordination
The ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing, together with body parts in performing tasks smoothly and accurately
Balance
The maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving
Power
The ability or rate at which one can preform work
Reaction time
The time elapsed between stimulation and the beginning of the reaction to it
Speed
The ability to preform a movement within a short period of time
Common methods for quantifying relative intensity of physical activity (5)
Specifying the percentage of: Oxygen uptake (VO2R) Oxygen consumption (VO2) Heart rate reserve (HRR) Heart rate (HR) Metabolic equivalents (METs)
Metabolic equivalents intensity classification (3)
Intense >5.9 METs
Moderate 3.1 - 5.9
Light
Physical Activity
Any bodily movement produced by the contraction of the skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase in caloric requirements over resting energy expenditure.
The characteristic that indicates that some exercise is better than none and, up to a point, more is better than less.
Dose responsiveness
What is more correlated to risk prevention, physical activity or physical fitness?
Physical fitness
Health outcomes with high evidence of doze response relationship with physical activity (5)
All cause mortality Cardiorespiratory health Weight loss Joint health Muscle health
Health outcomes with moderate evidence of doze response relationship with physical activity (6)
Metabolic health Weight maintenance following weight loss Bone health Colon cancer Breast cancer Depression and distress
Health outcomes with weak evidence of doze response relationship with physical activity (4)
Weight maintenance
Anxiety
Cognitive health
Sleep
Offitial ASCM-AHA primary physical activity recomendations (5)
Healthy adults aged 18–65 yr should participate in moderate intensity, aerobic physical activity for a minimum of 30 min on 5 d * wk or vigorous intensity, aerobic activity for a minimum of 20 min on 3 d * wk.
Combinations of intensity are encouraged
Moderate intensity aerobic activity can be done along the day with sessions of at least 10 minutes
Muscular strength exercies at least 2 d * wk
Greater amount of physical activity = lesser risks
What is the level of risk of healthy individuals preforming moderate intensity physical activity?
Low risk of sudden cardiac arrest
Low risk of Myocardial infraction (MI)
What are the general benefits of physical activity and/or exercise? (8)
Decreased anxiety and depression
Improved cognitive function
Enhanced physical function and independent living in older individuals
Enhanced feelings of well-being
Enhanced performance of work, recreational, and sport activities
Reduced risk of falls and injuries from falls in older individuals
Prevention or mitigation of functional limitations in older adults
Effective therapy for many chronic diseases in older adults
What are the main cardiovascular causes of exercise-related sudden death in young athletes? (3)
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (CM)
Probable Hypertrophic CM
Coronary anomalies
What are the improvements in cardiovascular and respiratory funcions gained by the regular practice of physical activity and/or exercise? (7)
Increased maximal oxygen uptake resulting from both central and peripheral adaptations
Decreased minute ventilation at a given absolute submaximal intensity
Decreased myocardial oxygen cost for a given absolute submaximal intensity
Decreased heart rate and blood pressure at a given submaximal intensity
Increased capillary density in skeletal muscle
Increased exercise threshold for the accumulation of lactate in the blood
Increased exercise threshold for the onset of disease signs or symptoms (e.g., angina pectoris, ischemic ST-segment depression, claudication)
What are the indicators of REDUCTION IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS by the regular practice of physical activity and/or exercise? (6)
Reduced resting systolic/diastolic pressure
Increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased serum triglycerides
Reduced total body fat, reduced intra-abdominal fat
Reduced insulin needs, improved glucose tolerance
Reduced blood platelet adhesiveness and aggregation
Reduced inflammation
What are the indicators of DECREASED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY by the regular practice of physical activity and/or exercise? (2)
Primary prevention
Lower death rates from coronary artery disease
Lower incidence rates for CVD, CAD, stroke, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, osteoporotic fractures, cancer of the colon and breast, and gallbladder disease
Secondary prevention (i.e., interventions after a cardiac event to prevent another) Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality are reduced in patients with post-myocardial infarction (MI) who participate in cardiac rehabilitation exercise training, especially as a component of multifactorial risk factor reduction
Why is Cardiac death or acute MI more prevalent in adults than in teenagers?
Higher prevalence of CVD
