Health and Wellness Flashcards
a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being.
Health
-the presence or absence of disease
Health
-state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health
- a highly personal state in which the individuals physical, emotional, social, developmental or spiritual functioning is diminished
- may or may not be related to disease.
Illness
-an alteration in health or functioning characterized by severe symptoms of relatively short duration.
Acute Illness
-an alteration in health or function that lasts for an extended period of time, usually six months or longer, and often for the duration of the individual’s life
Chronic Illness
-a state of well-being that encompasses self responsibility, dynamic growth, nutrition, physical fitness, emotional health, preventative health care, and the whole being of the individual
Wellness
-a detectable alteration in body function resulting from infection by microorganisms that causes a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span.
Disease
-an activity undertaken for the purpose of achieving a higher level of health and well-being.
Health Promotion
- environmental
- occupational
- spiritual
- physical
- emotional
- social
- well-being is a component of health
(Seven) Components of Wellness
-a continuum with signs/symptoms/disability (leading to premature death) on one side, and awareness/education/growth (leading to high level of wellness) on the other side. People move back and forth within this continuum from day to day.
Health - Illness Continuum
-a scale used to measure a person’s perceived level of wellness.
Health - Illness Continuum
-direction in progress forward and upwards towards a higher potential of functioning;
an open-ended and ever-expanding tomorrow with its challenge to live at a fuller potential; and
the integration of the whole being of the total individual—body, mind, and spirit—in the functioning process.
High Level of Wellness
What are some identifying characteristics of ILLNESS?
- physical functioning is diminished
- emotional functioning is diminished
- intellectual functioning is diminished
- social functioning is diminished
- developmental functioning is diminished
- spiritual functioning is diminished
- may or may not be related to disease
What are some identifying characteristics of DISEASE?
- alteration in body functions > results in reduction in capacities or shortening of normal life span
- occurs when microorganisms produce detectable alterations in normal tissue function
- a coping mechanism that involves ways that individuals describe, monitor and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions and use the health care system.
- affected by age, sex, occupation, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic origin, psychological stability, education, and modes of coping
Illness Behaviour
What are some identifying characteristics of WELLNESS?
- state of well-being
- self responsibility
- dynamic growing process
- daily decision making
- holistic
- ultimate goal
What factors influence ORAL HEALTH?
- age
- socioeconomic status (money, insurance)
- oral hygiene (brushing, flossing, regular dentist visits)
- nutritional health
- overall health
- family history
What factors influence NUTRITIONAL HEALTH?
- age
- socioeconomic status
- oral health
- overall health (presence of disease, medications)
- alcohol abuse
- mental health
- deficient knowledge or skills
- sedentary lifestyle
- family example
Describe elements of oral care for infants and toddlers?
- wipe gums prior to teeth eruption
- soft toothbrush around 18 months
- fluoride supplements as recommended
- inspection visits beginning at 18 months
- initial dental visit at 2-3 yrs
- seek professional dental attn for problems
Describe elements of oral care for pre-school and school age children?
- establishing good habits early
- twice daily brushing
- regular dental visits
What are the characteristics of good oral hygiene?
- daily stimulation of gums
- mechanical brushing
- flossing
- flushing the mouth
- regular dental visits
Describe elements of oral care for adolescents and adults?
- healthy diet
- regular brushing and flossing
- regular dental visits
Describe elements of oral care for older adults?
- regular brushing and flossing (assistance may be required)
- caring for dentures
- at risk for cavities and periodontal disease due to weakening of tissues and bones, and self care deficits
What factors influence oral health for infants and toddlers?
- inability/assistance required for self care
- resistance to care
- poor eating habits
- family habits surrounding oral care
What factors influence oral health for pre-school and school aged children?
- resistance to care
- assistance required for self care
- diet
- peer influence
- family habits surrounding oral care
What factors influence oral health for adolescents and adults?
- diet
- resistance to care
- peer influence (adolescents)
- learned family habits surrounding oral care
What factors influence oral health for older adults?
- inability/assistance required for self care
- poor eating habits
- discomfort
What factors influence nutritional health throughout the lifespan?
- socioeconomic status (income)
- availability of healthy food locally
- family (learned) nutritional patterns
- self care abilities/assistance available
- health status (disease, medications..)
What does a dry mouth predispose a client for?
tooth decay
What must be done to provide oral care for an unconscious or debilitated client?
- clean teeth
- clean oral mucosa
- clean tongue
What is the best method for cleaning the teeth of an unconscious or debilitated client?
- soft bristled tooth brush
- oral swab with water soluble moisturizer
- hydrogen peroxide diluted with saline
When evaluating a client for oral hygiene self care abilities what must a nurse evaluate?
- functional ability
- hand coordination
- cognitive function
- change in condition
- energy level or level of motivation
What aggravates/increases a dry mouth?
- poor fluid intake
- smoking
- alcohol abuse
- high salt intake
- medications
- anxiety
-purulent inflammation of the gums and tooth sockets, often leading to loosening of the teeth.
Pyorrhea
What are some of the common health problems of the mouth?
- halitosis (bad breath)
- glossitis (soreness of tongue)
- gingivitis (inflammation of gums)
- periodontal disease (gum disease)
- cheilosis (fissures at corners of mouth)
- dental caries (cavities)
- sordes (crusts)
- stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth)
How many ounces of grain per day should you consume according to the food pyramid?
6 to 7 oz per day
How many cups of dark green veg per week should you consume according to the food pyramid?
3 cups per week
How many cups of orange veg per week should you consume according to the food pyramid?
2 cups per week
How many cups of legumes per week should you consume according to the food pyramid?
3 cups per week
How many cups of starcy veg per week should you consume according to the food pyramid?
3 cups per week
How many cups of fruit per day should you consume according to the food pyramid?
1.5 to 2 cups per day
How many ounces of meat and beans per day should you consume according to the food pyramid?
5 to 6 ounces per day
How many cups of milk, cheese, yogurt per day should you consume according to the food pyramid?
3 cups per day
-the result of balance between nutrient intake and nutritional requirements
Nutritional Health
What are the risk factors for poor nutritional health?
- chronic disease, acute illness or injury
- multiple medications
- food insecurity - lack of free access to adequate safe food
- restrictive eating due to chronic dieting, disrdered eating, faddism, food beliefs
- alcohol abuse
- depression, bereavement, loneliness, social isolation
- poor dental health
- decreased knowledge or skills about food prep and recommendations
- extreme age - premature infants or adults over 80
What laboratory tests can indicate nutritional problems?
- serum proteins (measures protein in blood)
- urinary urea nitrogen (measure of protein breakdown in the body)
- creatinine (measures amount of waste product creatinine in your blood or urine - indicated how kidneys are working)
- total lymphocyte count (infection)
-an altered state of consciousness in which the individual’s perception of and reaction to the environment are decreased.
Sleep
What are the characteristics of sleep?
- decreased perception and reaction to environment
- minimal physical activity
- changes in physiologic processes
- cyclic nature is controlled in lower brain
- neurotransmitters affect sleep/wake cycle
- melatonin and cortisol levels
How does darkness affect your brain?
- causes a decrease in RAS stimulation
- causes the pineal gland to actively secrete melatonin
-a cyclical event or function that consists of repeated occurrences and repeated, regular intervals between occurrences.
Biological Rhythms
-a daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms
Circadian Rhythms
- waken when body temperatures are highest
- sleep when body temperatures are lowest
- begins to develop by 6th week of life
Sleep-Wake Cycle
What are the two types of sleep that you cycle through during the night?
NREM & REM
What do NREM and REM stand for?
Non-Rapid Eye Movement & Rapid Eye Movement
- type of sleep
- occurs when activity in the RAS is inhibited
- about 75-80% of sleep is this type
- divided into 4 stages
Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM)
What does RAS stand for?
Reticular Activating System
- type of sleep
- occurs during sleep about every 90 minutes
- lasts about 5-30 minutes
- only 20-25% of sleep is this type
- most dreams take place during this type
- brain is highly active
- levels of ACh and dopamine increase in brain
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)
- stage of NREM sleep
- very light sleep
- lasts only a few minutes
- person feels drowsy and relaxed
- eyes roll from side to side
- heart rate and respiratory rates drop slightly
- sleeper can be readily awakened
Stage 1 of NREM sleep
- stage of NREM sleep
- light sleep
- body processes continue to slow down
- eyes are still
- heart and respiratory rates decrease slightly
- body temperature falls
- constitutes 44-55% of total sleep
Stage 2 of NREM sleep
- stages of NREM sleep
- deepest stages of sleep
- differ from one another only in percentage of delta waves recorded during 30 sec periods
- heart and respiratory rate drop 20-30% below those exhibited during waking hours
- sleeper is difficult to arouse
- essential for restoring energy and releasing important growth hormones
Stage 3 & 4 of NREM sleep
How long does a complete sleep cycle last?
approximately 90 to 110 minutes in adults
What are some of the physiological changes during NREM sleep?
- arterial BP falls
- pulse rate decreases
- peripheral blood vessels dilate
- cardiac output decreases
- skeletal muscles relax
- basal metabolic rate decreases 10-30%
- growth hormone levels peak
- intracranial pressure decreases
The effects of sleep on the body are not fully understood, but what effects have been documented?
- exerts physiological effects on nervous system (balance) and other body structures (restores to normal level of activity)
- necessary for protein synthesis to occur (repair processes)
- psychological effects (inadequate sleep causes irritability, poor concentration, difficulty with decision making)
How many sleep cycles does the average adult go through nightly?
4 to 6 cycles during a 7-8 hour period of sleep
How much sleep does a newborn require?
16-18 hours of sleep a night/day
Who:
- has an irregular sleep schedule
- requires 16-18 hours of sleep daily
- needs to sleep on their back
Newborns
How much sleep do infants require?
14-15 hours of sleep a night/day
Who:
- awakens every 3 to 4 hours
- eats and goes back to sleep
- establishes a pattern of naps
- spends half of the time in light sleep
- should be encouraged to put self back to sleep upon waking
Infants
How much sleep do toddlers require?
12-14 hours of sleep a night (including daytime nap)
Who:
- requires a nap
- may develop nighttime fears and possibly begin to experience nightmares
- might be comforted by a security object
- can be affected by sundowning
Toddlers
How much sleep do school age children require?
10-11 hours of sleep a night
Who:
- may have difficulties falling asleep
- begin to spend more time at the computer or TV
School Age Children
How much sleep do adolescents require?
9-10 hours of sleep a night
Who:
- experiences a shift in circadian rhythms
- has later sleep-wake patterns
- begins to experience nocturnal emissions (males)
Adolescents
How much sleep do adults require?
7-9 hours of sleep a night
Who:
- is vulnerable to insufficient sleep
- can show great individual variety in sleep requirements
- often shows signs of deficient sleep
- vulnerable to stress
- is affected by children’s sleep patterns
Adults
How much sleep do older adults require?
7-9 hours of sleep a night
Who:
- awakens earlier and goes to bed earlier
- relationship between quality of life and sleep (better health -> more likely to sleep well)
- may be subject to altered sleep by medical conditions
- can be affected by sundowning (dementia patients)
Older Adults
What factors can affect sleep?
- irregular morning or nighttime schedule
- emotional stress
- stimulants or alcohol
- diet (weight gain reduces total sleep time, weight loss increases total sleep time)
- smoking (causes easier arousal)
- motivation (boredom can increase sleepiness)
- medications (can suppress REM, may affect quality of sleep)
- exercise (early in day is more conducive to sleep, late in day can delay sleep)
