Health and Wellbeing S1 Flashcards
Define Health
The complete state of physical, emotional, social, spiritual and mental wellbeing, not merely just the absence of disease or infirmity.
What two main aspects influence health and wellbeing?
Determinants and Interventions
List the factors of ‘good health’ (Hint: there are 6)
-Where a person lives
-Genetics
-Income
-Relationships (w/family and friends)
-Education level
-State of surrounding environment
Define ‘human rights’
A set of moral and legal guidelines which ensure an adequate standard of living.
List the rights to health
-Health information
-Gender equality
-Sanitation
-Safe food and drinking water
-Education
-Healthy working & environmental conditions
-Housing
-Access to timely, affordable & acceptable healthcare
How do health disparities affect population groups?
Health disparities adversely affects groups of people who systematically experienced greater obstacles to health, based on their racial or ethnic group, religion, SES, gender, age or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination.
Define ‘health equity’
Attainment of the highest level of health for all people
What does it mean to achieve health equity?
-Everyone is equally valued
-Focused & ongoing societal efforts to address avoidable inequalities, historical & contemporary issues.
-Elimination of health & health care disparities.
Describe the difference between ‘inequalities’ and ‘inequities’ in health
*Inequalities in health appear as a ‘social gradient of health’
(e.g. higher SES=healthier)
*Inequities in health are linked to forms of disadvantage
(e.g. poverty)
Explain the importance of ‘health status’
*Analysing health status enables optimisation of the health of a population.
*Measurements & comparisons of health status between populations allow for health services to:
-predict and prepare
-ensure the population receives the best care possible
List the determinants of health (Hint: there are 4)
-Individual
-Socioeconomic
-Sociocultural
-Environmental
What determinants create disadvantages/differences? (Hint: there are 3)
*Biological
*Environmental
*Sociocultural
Define and provide an example of ‘Biological’ factors that determine health
*Biological factors are those relating to the structure of the cells, tissues & systems of the body and how adequately they function.
*For example, genetics, body weight, blood pressure and lifestyle factors.
Define and provide an example of ‘Environmental’ factors that determine health
*Environmental factors relate to the physical features that surround us.
*For example, work environment, infrastructure, housing & climate change.
Define and provide an example of ‘Sociocultural’ factors that determine health
*Sociocultural factors are those relating to the social and cultural conditions of which people are born, grow, live and work
*For example, SES status, unemployment, social isolation & food security.
What are the four core components of the rights to health? (Hint: AAAQ)
Availability (health facilities, goods & services)
Accessibility (physical, affordable, information, non-discriminatory)
Acceptability (catered for specific needs of the population)
Quality (safe, effective, people centred, timely, equitable, integrated & efficient)
What does the term ‘population health’ mean
*The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of health not just the overall health.
Why is the health status of population groups important?
*It reveals distinct patterns within the community
*Examining patterns in health status allow for an understanding of how & why health is distributed unevenly & guide groups to improve.
What are the Australian population groups? (Hint: there are 7)
*Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islanders
*Rural & Remote
*Veterans
*Homeless
*Vulnerable people
*Migrant & Refugee
*Pandemics & Population Health
Describe good health for ATSI
*Good health is more than the absence of disease or illness; holistic concept that includes physical, social, emotional, cultural, spiritual & ecological wellbeing. (both for individual & community)
List health inequalities for ATSI
*large gap between Indigenous & Non-Indigenous health
*more socioeconomically, lower income, unemployment, educational disadvantages.
*lack of equal access to primary health care
*lower standard of health infrastructure
Describe the ‘Close The Gap’ campaign
*An initiative statement of intent signed by the Australian Government.
*It aims to achieve equality in health status by:
-reducing infant mortality
-increasing life expectancy
-education
-employment
-access to health care
Describe the ‘Rural & Remote’ population group
*don’t have a high standard of health & wellbeing as those who lives in cities
List the inequalities for the ‘Rural & Remote’ population group (Hint: there are at least 5)
*Life expectancy
*Access to health services & infrastructure
*Lower SES status
*Higher risk of unhealthy behaviours
*Higher risk of occupational & physical risks
Describe the ‘Veteran’ population group
*current or former serving members of the Australian Defence Force.
*they have a unique service experience and different health & welfare needs to their non-serving counterparts
List the inequalities for the ‘Veteran’ population group
*increased homelessness
*increased PTSD
*increased suicide rates
Describe the ‘Homeless’ population group
*state or condition of having no home
*core of homelessness is the disconnection from the society that we live in
What two groups can the ‘Homeless’ group be identified?
*Primary: person living in streets without shelter
*Secondary: person with no places of usual residence
List the inequalities for the ‘Homeless’ population group
*life expectancy
*social isolation
*poor nutrition
*mental health issues
*risk of physical & sexual assault
Describe the ‘Refugee & Immigrant’ population group
*known as the culturally & linguistically diverse group
*consists of asylum seekers, refugees & immigrants
List the inequalities for the ‘Refugee & Immigrant’ group
*impacted through physical & mental wellbeing
*conditions increases vulnerability to ill health
*discrimination
Describe the ‘Vulnerable’ (Elderly) population group
*consist of the elderly & disabled
*people aged 65+
List the inequalities for the ‘Vulnerable’ group
*unemployment
*poverty
*access to & quantity of health services
Describe the ‘Disability’ population group
*lack of ability to perform something in the manner which is considered normal for a human
List the inequalities for the ‘Disability’ group
*discrimination
*social exclusion
*inaccessible environments
*laws & policies that create disadvantage
Describe what ‘Cultural Diversity in Healthcare’ means
*religion, culture, beliefs & ethnic customs influence how individuals & groups understand health concepts, how they take care of their health & decisions related to health.
What systems of health beliefs do cultures have? (Hint: there are 3)
*causes of illness
*how it can be cured & treated
*who is involved
Describe ‘Western’ culture
*Disease=result of natural scientific phenomena, advocates medical treatments & technology to treat disease
*Culture derives from Europe & European settlement, immigration or colonisation.
Describe ‘Asian’ culture
*yin & yang (mind-body-spirit)
*aim to adapt to sickness
*consists of traditional medicine
Describe ‘Indigenous’ culture
*refers to the social, emotional & cultural wellbeing of the community
*traditional nutrition & societal norms based from the land
*pathway to healing through cultural activity & connection to country.
What does the acronym ACCESS (Model) stand for?
*A=assessment
*C=communication
*C=cultural negotiation
*E=establishing respect
*S=sensitivity
*S=safety
What does the ACCESS Model mean?
*Assessment=emphasis on lifestyle, health beliefs & practices
*Communication=awareness in verbal & non-verbal
*Cultural negotiation=aware of other cultures & views on how they perceive problems
*Establishing respect=relationships that portray respect for values & beliefs
*Sensitivity=providing culturally sensitive care
*Safety=create space for patients to feel culturally safe
What does ABCDE (Cultural Assessment) stand for & mean?
*A=attitudes (importance of illness & care)
*B=beliefs (accommodating spiritual needs)
*C=context (history of the patient)
*D=decision making (decisions made as a group or individual)
*E=environment (community resources available)
Describe Cultural Competency in Healthcare
*Ability to understand, communicate & interact with people across cultures.
*Health professionals ability to demonstrate cultural competence toward patients with diverse values & beliefs
Describe the Upstream-Downstream Parable
*Downstream=individual (e.g.. gender, age, genetics, physiological)
*Midstream=modifying individual behaviour (e.g. social support)
*Upstream=whole community & addressing social determinants of health (e.g. environmental, social, cultural, etc)
Apply the Upstream-Downstream Parable in a Health Context
EXAMPLE:
Homeless group:
Upstream=no income or occupation, unstable housing, limited access to healthy food, no health care
Downstream=heart disease, cancer, mental health conditions, obesity, substance abuse/addiction
What does CAM stand for?
*Complementary & Alternative Medicines
Define CAM
*CAM is a group of diverse medical & health care systems, practices & products that are not generally considered to be part of conventional medicine.
List examples of CAM
*Acupuncture
*Herbal Remedies
*Aromatherapy
*Body Movement Therapy
What is the main purpose of CAM?
*Alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine.
*For example, alternative therapy is used to treat cancer through a special diet, instead of undergoing chemotherapy that has been recommended by a conventional doctor.
Who is most likely to use CAM?
*Middle ages people more inclined to use CAM than younger & older people.
*Women are more likely to seek CAM than men.
What does NCCAM stand for?
*National Centre for Complementary & Alternative Medicine
How is the ‘Right to Health’ achieved?
*Achieved by government prioritising the needs of those with poor determinants to achieve health equity through implementation of policies & programs that aim to increase health of all individuals.
What is an epidemiologist?
*Medical clinician who investigates patterns & causes of diseases.
(e.g. studies Covid-19)
