Health and the People - Individual Genius' Flashcards
1
Q
John of Ardene
A
- he was said to be the first English surgeon
- he worked as a surgeon on the battlefields when he developed his own pain killing ointment made from hemlock and opium
- he also created the guild of surgeons in London and his help was given to both the rich and the poor
- his view on fees was that rich men should be charged as much as possible, but poor men should be remedied free of charge
2
Q
Hugh and Theodoric of Lucca
A
- they discovered that wine was very good for cleaning wounds, other surgeons used cauterisation
- Hugh and his son observed patients and saw that pus in wounds was harmful, whereas other surgeons thought that it was good for cleaning the blood
- we know now that pus is a sign of infection
3
Q
Thomas Sydenham
A
- he was an English physician (doctor) who was the author of ‘Medieval Observations’ which became a standard textbook for medicine for 200 years so that he became known as ‘the English Hippocrates’ Sydenham would not rely on medical books alone
- he believed in observing the patients and recording their symptoms
- this process allowed him to see patterns between illnesses and treatments
- Sydenham classified diseases into different types, based on which symptoms each patient exhibited
- he was able to show for e.g. that measles and scarlet fever were different types of diseases
4
Q
Abroise Paré
A
- Paré was a doctor that helped treat soldiers during the war who were wounded
- Paré ran out of hot oil and stopped cauterizing to treat the wounds of soldiers
- Instead, he used ligatures and silk threads to tie blood vessels and ointments
- Ligatures did not reduce the death rate as infection of treads and hands was still a problem
5
Q
William Harvey
A
- Harvey worked on blood circulation, and managed to prove Galen wrong by discovering that blood circulates around the body
- he dissected animals and carried out experiments to build up detailed knowledge of the working of the heart
- this led him to reject Galen’s ideas
6
Q
John Hunter
A
- he set up surgical schools and raised public interest in science through his Hunterian Museum
- Instrumental in the creation of the Royal College of Surgeons
7
Q
Robert Koch
A
- Koch was a German doctor who was inspired by Pasteur’s work and his ‘Germ Theory’
- He became the first to link bacteria to specific diseases
- He proved this using scientific experiments and photographic evidence
- From 1860 - 1900, Pasteur and Koch competed with each other to link bacteria to different diseases
- Koch and his team identified the bacteria that caused TB, cholera and anthrax
8
Q
Paul Ehrlich
A
- Ehrlich produced the drug Salvarsan 606 to treat syphilis
- this was the first of what came to known as magic bullet, drugs designed to target specific germs
9
Q
Edwin Chadwick
A
- Chadwick was asked by parliament to investigate living conditions in Britain. - - His 1842 Report on the Sanitary Conditions of theLabouring Population concluded that much poverty and ill-health was caused by the terrible living conditions and not by idleness
- It shocked public opinion
10
Q
John Snow
A
- By observation (in 1854) Snow had shown the link between bad water and cholera– the Broad Street water had been pumped from the Thames
- If people had clean water then disease would be reduced
11
Q
Joseph Bazalgette
A
- The government hire Bazalgette to build a new sewer network throughout London
- The government invested £3million to
build the network
12
Q
James Simpson
A
- In 1847, James Simpson discovered chloroform would cause unconsciousness
- He started using it for childbirth
- There was initial opposition to the use of chloroform but it was publicly supported by Queen Victoria
13
Q
Joseph Lister
A
- Inspired by Pasteur’s germ theory
- Lister experimented with carbolic acid on bandages to treat wounds
- Lister published his results in 1867 and developed his work so that bacteria was being killed at every stage
- Opposition existed as surgeons did not like the irritation to their skin from the acid
14
Q
Alexander Fleming
A
- In 1928, Fleming discovered penicillin by chance when he left a petri dish containing mould while he went on holiday
- Fleming published his findings
15
Q
Florey and Chain
A
- In 1938, scientists Florey and Chain began work on developing penicillin
- They received only a £25 grant from the
government - They proved penicillin could be used to fight infection in
humans - England didn’t have the capacity to mass produce penicillin,
but the American government were willing and ready to develop the
treatment
16
Q
Crick and Watson
A
- Crick and Watson were trying to build a 3D model of the DNA molecule
- But they were not the only ones working on finding its structure
17
Q
Harold Gillies
A
- Harold Gillies was a New Zealand doctor
- During World War One, he
joined the army as a surgeon with the British army - He initially worked on the front line
- However, in 1917 he set up a ward at Queen Mary’s Hospital, Sidcup, in London, to treat patients with facial injuries
- Gillies pioneered new skin graft techniques
- In one technique, he moved a patch of skin on the face, called a pedicle
- He left the veins attached to it, so it still had a blood supply and could successfully be attached to a different part of the face.
18
Q
Mclndoe
A
Archibald McIndoe was a cousin of Gillies
- During World War Two, he worked with soldiers who had suffered severe facial injuries, especially from burns
- McIndoe treated the physical injuries - He also supported soldiers who had difficulties with their mental health as a result of severe disfigurement from physical injuries
- McIndoe’s patients formed a support network known as the Guinea Pig
Club
- The club organised social events
19
Q
Karl Landsteiner
A
- Since Karl Landsteiner had discovered
blood groups in 1901, blood
transfusions had been possible - However, blood could not be stored - During World War One, sodium citrate was added to packages of blood - This stopped it from clotting straight away and meant blood could be stored for a short period of time
20
Q
Marie Curie
A
- Marie Curie and her husband Pierre’s scientific research was crucial in the development of X-rays for use in surgery.
- The X-ray machine was invented in 1895 before the start of World War One.
- During World War One, mobile X-ray units were available. Marie Curie
played a vital role in getting 200 X-ray units into field hospitals along with 20 mobile X-ray vehicles, which the French troops nicknamed petites Curies which translates to ‘little Curies’. - This meant surgeons could see what internal injuries a patient had,
meaning surgery could be better planned and was safer.
21
Q
Booth and Rowntree
A
- Booth found that the situation was even worse – 40% of Londoners lived in poverty.
- He found that poverty was due to poor wages, unemployment and ill health rather than laziness or wasting
money. - Rowntree studied poverty in York and proved that this was a nationwide problem that couldn’t be ignored
22
Q
David Lloyd George and the Liberal Government
A
- Lloyd-George as Chancellor created a budget that allowed for the Liberal Welfare Reforms.
- The Liberals brought in wide ranging reforms including pensions (1908), National Insurance (1911), Free School Meals (1906) that supported those most in need.
23
Q
William Beveridge
A
- People queued to buy Beveridge’s report.
- His suggestion of ‘cradle to grave’ support was huge but very popular. - The idea that everyone had suffered through WW2 equally had led to a public belief that government support had been earnt, and was deserved by all.
24
Q
Aneurin Bevan
A
- Bevan faced huge opposition, especially from doctors, but managed to agree a compromise that led to the creation of the NHS in 1948.
- Many said the NHS was created due to Bevan’s personal force of will.
