Health and the People - Individual Genius' Flashcards

1
Q

John of Ardene

A
  • he was said to be the first English surgeon
  • he worked as a surgeon on the battlefields when he developed his own pain killing ointment made from hemlock and opium
  • he also created the guild of surgeons in London and his help was given to both the rich and the poor
  • his view on fees was that rich men should be charged as much as possible, but poor men should be remedied free of charge
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2
Q

Hugh and Theodoric of Lucca

A
  • they discovered that wine was very good for cleaning wounds, other surgeons used cauterisation
  • Hugh and his son observed patients and saw that pus in wounds was harmful, whereas other surgeons thought that it was good for cleaning the blood
  • we know now that pus is a sign of infection
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3
Q

Thomas Sydenham

A
  • he was an English physician (doctor) who was the author of ‘Medieval Observations’ which became a standard textbook for medicine for 200 years so that he became known as ‘the English Hippocrates’ Sydenham would not rely on medical books alone
  • he believed in observing the patients and recording their symptoms
  • this process allowed him to see patterns between illnesses and treatments
  • Sydenham classified diseases into different types, based on which symptoms each patient exhibited
  • he was able to show for e.g. that measles and scarlet fever were different types of diseases
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4
Q

Abroise Paré

A
  • Paré was a doctor that helped treat soldiers during the war who were wounded
  • Paré ran out of hot oil and stopped cauterizing to treat the wounds of soldiers
  • Instead, he used ligatures and silk threads to tie blood vessels and ointments
  • Ligatures did not reduce the death rate as infection of treads and hands was still a problem
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5
Q

William Harvey

A
  • Harvey worked on blood circulation, and managed to prove Galen wrong by discovering that blood circulates around the body
  • he dissected animals and carried out experiments to build up detailed knowledge of the working of the heart
  • this led him to reject Galen’s ideas
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6
Q

John Hunter

A
  • he set up surgical schools and raised public interest in science through his Hunterian Museum
  • Instrumental in the creation of the Royal College of Surgeons
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7
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Koch was a German doctor who was inspired by Pasteur’s work and his ‘Germ Theory’
  • He became the first to link bacteria to specific diseases
  • He proved this using scientific experiments and photographic evidence
  • From 1860 - 1900, Pasteur and Koch competed with each other to link bacteria to different diseases
  • Koch and his team identified the bacteria that caused TB, cholera and anthrax
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8
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A
  • Ehrlich produced the drug Salvarsan 606 to treat syphilis
  • this was the first of what came to known as magic bullet, drugs designed to target specific germs
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9
Q

Edwin Chadwick

A
  • Chadwick was asked by parliament to investigate living conditions in Britain. - - His 1842 Report on the Sanitary Conditions of theLabouring Population concluded that much poverty and ill-health was caused by the terrible living conditions and not by idleness
  • It shocked public opinion
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10
Q

John Snow

A
  • By observation (in 1854) Snow had shown the link between bad water and cholera– the Broad Street water had been pumped from the Thames
  • If people had clean water then disease would be reduced
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11
Q

Joseph Bazalgette

A
  • The government hire Bazalgette to build a new sewer network throughout London
  • The government invested £3million to
    build the network
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12
Q

James Simpson

A
  • In 1847, James Simpson discovered chloroform would cause unconsciousness
  • He started using it for childbirth
  • There was initial opposition to the use of chloroform but it was publicly supported by Queen Victoria
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13
Q

Joseph Lister

A
  • Inspired by Pasteur’s germ theory
  • Lister experimented with carbolic acid on bandages to treat wounds
  • Lister published his results in 1867 and developed his work so that bacteria was being killed at every stage
  • Opposition existed as surgeons did not like the irritation to their skin from the acid
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14
Q

Alexander Fleming

A
  • In 1928, Fleming discovered penicillin by chance when he left a petri dish containing mould while he went on holiday
  • Fleming published his findings
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15
Q

Florey and Chain

A
  • In 1938, scientists Florey and Chain began work on developing penicillin
  • They received only a £25 grant from the
    government
  • They proved penicillin could be used to fight infection in
    humans
  • England didn’t have the capacity to mass produce penicillin,
    but the American government were willing and ready to develop the
    treatment
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16
Q

Crick and Watson

A
  • Crick and Watson were trying to build a 3D model of the DNA molecule
  • But they were not the only ones working on finding its structure
17
Q

Harold Gillies

A
  • Harold Gillies was a New Zealand doctor
  • During World War One, he
    joined the army as a surgeon with the British army
  • He initially worked on the front line
  • However, in 1917 he set up a ward at Queen Mary’s Hospital, Sidcup, in London, to treat patients with facial injuries
  • Gillies pioneered new skin graft techniques
  • In one technique, he moved a patch of skin on the face, called a pedicle
  • He left the veins attached to it, so it still had a blood supply and could successfully be attached to a different part of the face.
18
Q

Mclndoe

A

Archibald McIndoe was a cousin of Gillies
- During World War Two, he worked with soldiers who had suffered severe facial injuries, especially from burns
- McIndoe treated the physical injuries - He also supported soldiers who had difficulties with their mental health as a result of severe disfigurement from physical injuries
- McIndoe’s patients formed a support network known as the Guinea Pig
Club
- The club organised social events

19
Q

Karl Landsteiner

A
  • Since Karl Landsteiner had discovered
    blood groups in 1901, blood
    transfusions had been possible - However, blood could not be stored - During World War One, sodium citrate was added to packages of blood
  • This stopped it from clotting straight away and meant blood could be stored for a short period of time
20
Q

Marie Curie

A
  • Marie Curie and her husband Pierre’s scientific research was crucial in the development of X-rays for use in surgery.
  • The X-ray machine was invented in 1895 before the start of World War One.
  • During World War One, mobile X-ray units were available. Marie Curie
    played a vital role in getting 200 X-ray units into field hospitals along with 20 mobile X-ray vehicles, which the French troops nicknamed petites Curies which translates to ‘little Curies’.
  • This meant surgeons could see what internal injuries a patient had,
    meaning surgery could be better planned and was safer.
21
Q

Booth and Rowntree

A
  • Booth found that the situation was even worse – 40% of Londoners lived in poverty.
  • He found that poverty was due to poor wages, unemployment and ill health rather than laziness or wasting
    money.
  • Rowntree studied poverty in York and proved that this was a nationwide problem that couldn’t be ignored
22
Q

David Lloyd George and the Liberal Government

A
  • Lloyd-George as Chancellor created a budget that allowed for the Liberal Welfare Reforms.
  • The Liberals brought in wide ranging reforms including pensions (1908), National Insurance (1911), Free School Meals (1906) that supported those most in need.
23
Q

William Beveridge

A
  • People queued to buy Beveridge’s report.
  • His suggestion of ‘cradle to grave’ support was huge but very popular. - The idea that everyone had suffered through WW2 equally had led to a public belief that government support had been earnt, and was deserved by all.
24
Q

Aneurin Bevan

A
  • Bevan faced huge opposition, especially from doctors, but managed to agree a compromise that led to the creation of the NHS in 1948.
  • Many said the NHS was created due to Bevan’s personal force of will.