Health and the People - Individual Genius' Flashcards
1
Q
John of Ardene
A
- he was said to be the first English surgeon
- he worked as a surgeon on the battlefields when he developed his own pain killing ointment made from hemlock and opium
- he also created the guild of surgeons in London and his help was given to both the rich and the poor
- his view on fees was that rich men should be charged as much as possible, but poor men should be remedied free of charge
2
Q
Hugh and Theodoric of Lucca
A
- they discovered that wine was very good for cleaning wounds, other surgeons used cauterisation
- Hugh and his son observed patients and saw that pus in wounds was harmful, whereas other surgeons thought that it was good for cleaning the blood
- we know now that pus is a sign of infection
3
Q
Thomas Sydenham
A
- he was an English physician (doctor) who was the author of ‘Medieval Observations’ which became a standard textbook for medicine for 200 years so that he became known as ‘the English Hippocrates’ Sydenham would not rely on medical books alone
- he believed in observing the patients and recording their symptoms
- this process allowed him to see patterns between illnesses and treatments
- Sydenham classified diseases into different types, based on which symptoms each patient exhibited
- he was able to show for e.g. that measles and scarlet fever were different types of diseases
4
Q
Abroise Paré
A
- Paré was a doctor that helped treat soldiers during the war who were wounded
- Paré ran out of hot oil and stopped cauterizing to treat the wounds of soldiers
- Instead, he used ligatures and silk threads to tie blood vessels and ointments
- Ligatures did not reduce the death rate as infection of treads and hands was still a problem
5
Q
William Harvey
A
- Harvey worked on blood circulation, and managed to prove Galen wrong by discovering that blood circulates around the body
- he dissected animals and carried out experiments to build up detailed knowledge of the working of the heart
- this led him to reject Galen’s ideas
6
Q
John Hunter
A
- he set up surgical schools and raised public interest in science through his Hunterian Museum
- Instrumental in the creation of the Royal College of Surgeons
7
Q
Robert Koch
A
- Koch was a German doctor who was inspired by Pasteur’s work and his ‘Germ Theory’
- He became the first to link bacteria to specific diseases
- He proved this using scientific experiments and photographic evidence
- From 1860 - 1900, Pasteur and Koch competed with each other to link bacteria to different diseases
- Koch and his team identified the bacteria that caused TB, cholera and anthrax
8
Q
Paul Ehrlich
A
- Ehrlich produced the drug Salvarsan 606 to treat syphilis
- this was the first of what came to known as magic bullet, drugs designed to target specific germs
9
Q
Edwin Chadwick
A
- Chadwick was asked by parliament to investigate living conditions in Britain. - - His 1842 Report on the Sanitary Conditions of theLabouring Population concluded that much poverty and ill-health was caused by the terrible living conditions and not by idleness
- It shocked public opinion
10
Q
John Snow
A
- By observation (in 1854) Snow had shown the link between bad water and cholera– the Broad Street water had been pumped from the Thames
- If people had clean water then disease would be reduced
11
Q
Joseph Bazalgette
A
- The government hire Bazalgette to build a new sewer network throughout London
- The government invested £3million to
build the network
12
Q
James Simpson
A
- In 1847, James Simpson discovered chloroform would cause unconsciousness
- He started using it for childbirth
- There was initial opposition to the use of chloroform but it was publicly supported by Queen Victoria
13
Q
Joseph Lister
A
- Inspired by Pasteur’s germ theory
- Lister experimented with carbolic acid on bandages to treat wounds
- Lister published his results in 1867 and developed his work so that bacteria was being killed at every stage
- Opposition existed as surgeons did not like the irritation to their skin from the acid
14
Q
Alexander Fleming
A
- In 1928, Fleming discovered penicillin by chance when he left a petri dish containing mould while he went on holiday
- Fleming published his findings
15
Q
Florey and Chain
A
- In 1938, scientists Florey and Chain began work on developing penicillin
- They received only a £25 grant from the
government - They proved penicillin could be used to fight infection in
humans - England didn’t have the capacity to mass produce penicillin,
but the American government were willing and ready to develop the
treatment