Health And The People

Question 1

How long were Galen’s teachings used for?

Answer 1

Over 1000 years

Question 2

What were the four humours?

Answer 2

Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

Question 3

How did they use Galen’s Ancient Greek manuscripts?

Answer 3

The lecturer read them to the class but the students were allowed to read it

Question 4

When reading from Galen’s teachings, did they do dissections?

Answer 4

They didn’t do dissections, but were hoping to introduce one dissection a year by 1340

Question 5

Under Galen’s teachings, how did they diagnose?

Answer 5

Through urine samples and the 4 humours

Question 6

Under Galen’s teachings, which ways were most common treatment?

Answer 6

Blood letting to balance humours
Using an astrological chart helped them figure out when to treat because certain humours were stronger when the moon was in different places

Question 7

Who are the 4 people you could look to for health care?

Answer 7

Barber surgeon, healer, apothecary, physician

Question 8

What is a healer?

Answer 8

A village woman, who acted like a midwife and had knowledge of herbs. A healer might accept small payment.

Question 9

What is an apothecary?

Answer 9

A man who sold wine, herbs and spices. They prepared and sold medicines to physicians and directly to patients.

Question 10

What is a barber surgeon?

Answer 10

A man that most towns had. They pulled out teeth and performed simple surgeries. They were identified by a red and white pole.

Question 11

What is a physician?

Answer 11

A man who had trained at one of Europe’s medical schools, they used astrological information, urine charts and the theory of the four humours to decide the best treatment(usually blood letting) and charged high fees.

Question 12

What were the roles of Muslims in the dark ages?

Answer 12

They translated Ancient Rome and Greek texts into Arabic which eventually travelled to Europe.

Question 13

What did Ibn Sina do for medical knowledge?

Answer 13

Ibn Sina wrote an encyclopaedia of medicine, called the canon of medicine. It covered the whole of Greek and Islamic knowledge. It became the standard European medical textbook.

Question 14

Showing importance of church in medieval times?

Answer 14

Everybody went to church on Sunday
People believed Gos controlled wealth, health, etc
Everybody paid tithe
God decided whether you went to heaven or hell

Question 15

Useful things Galen introduced?

Answer 15

Amputation(worked with things like breast cancer)

Question 16

What would happen if you taught against Galen in a school?

Answer 16

The church would arrest them

Question 17

Affects of towns on health in medieval times?

Answer 17

Towns threw rubbish in the street which attracted rats. They threw their urine and feces into the street. They all loved close together and houses usually shared rooms.

Question 18

Beliefs for causes of illness?

Answer 18

God was punishing you if you sinned

Witchcraft/demons

Question 19

How old was the 4 humours theory when being used in medieval times?

Answer 19

2000 years old

Question 20

Why did Christians like Galen’s teachings?

Answer 20

He believed in a single God and described the body as a whole spirit

Question 21

Cauterisation?

Answer 21

Usually done with a hot iron to seal skin and stop bleeding

Question 22

Where did monks place the Latrine?

Answer 22

They placed it further down the river, away from where food was prepared and eaten

Question 23

Why would it be less likely to get ill in a monastery?

Answer 23

They’re away from towns in countryside, less people to spread diseases

Question 24

What were some beliefs about bad smells?

Answer 24

They thought bad smells caused illness so would warn it off with a worse smell by putting their heads in urine

Question 25

Why did monasteries need access to water?

Answer 25

For cooking and a mill. Rivers meant dirty water could be taken away. Fresh water was mostly provided by wells

Question 26

What was the lavatorian in a monastery for?

Answer 26

To wash. They had filtering systems in pipes to get rid of impurities.

Question 27

How was privies used in monasteries?

Answer 27

Toilets which had potties underneath to collect urine. Used urine for tanning and bleaching cloth from sheep. They were flushed out every now and again with river water

Question 28

In what ways were monks routines better than common people?

Answer 28

They took 2 baths every year, washed clothes, heads and feet regularly, they treated their bodies well and looked after diet as their body is a gift from god

Question 29

Pneumonic plague?

Answer 29

Caught through breathing infected air. Attacked lungs and coughed up blood. Breath would smell as lungs rotted.

Question 30

Bubonic plague?

Answer 30

Rat fleas bit them and then but people. Victims had large babies in their armpits or groin. They had a rash of black spots. Germ lived in the blood of black rats.

Question 31

Reasons they thought the plague occurred?

Answer 31

Too much sex, bad smells, planets, Jews had poisoned wells and springs

Question 32

Effective methods used to prevent plague?

Answer 32

Cleaning filth from streets, stopping people from different towns getting to their town

Question 33

Ineffective methods they used to prevent the plague?

Answer 33

Carried around sweet herbs to keep away evil smells, avoid taking baths to not open pores, bathe in urine

Question 34

How many British people were killed off from the plague?

Answer 34

1/3

Question 35

Why did plague spread so quick?

Answer 35

Houses built to close, rubbish in streets, coughing up blood and throwing it out window, trades with other countries, narrow streets, those handling dead bodies didn’t wear protective gear

Question 36

Economic impact of Black Death?

Answer 36

Shortage of peasants, peasants asked for higher wages, food wasn’t harvested

Question 37

Social impact of Black Death?

Answer 37

1/3 British people died, misunderstanding causes led to persecution of minorities

Question 38

Cultural impact of Black Death?

Answer 38

Feudal structure broken down, churchmen criticised

Question 39

Political impact of Black Death ?

Answer 39

King made new law that peasants must follow pay from 2 years prior, peasants revolt