Health and Social Care BTEC Flashcards
What are the UK Chief Medical Officers recommendations for alcohol consumption?
- Alcohol free days
- No more than 14 units per week
- No drinking during pregnancy
- Spread drinking evenly during the week
What are the short term affects of excessive alcohol consumption?
- Poor decision making –> unprotected sex
- Injury –> lacking in coordination
What are the risks of drinking during pregnancy?
- Low birth weight
- Premature birth
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
What are the long term risks of excessive alcohol consumption?
- increased weight –> alcohol is high in calories
- affects balance of nervous system –> heart beats faster unnecessarily
What are the features of a person centred approach?
- Multi-disciplinary team working
- Dignity
- Compassion
- Respect
- Personalised care
- Individual is as independent as possible
- Keeps the partnership between the individual and health care professionals
What are the 4 benefits of a person-centred approach?
- Saves time for the HSC services
- Saves money for the HSC services
- Increased job satisfaction
- Fewer complaints about the HSC workers
What is the importance of a person-centred approach?
- Increases individuals independence
- Provides personalised care, support & treatment
- Meet individuals specific needs
What are the causes of low blood pressure?
- Diabetes
- Ageing
- Medication
- *Good fitness
What are the short term risks of low blood pressure (hypotension)?
[- Dizziness
- Blurred vision
- Feeling sick
- Fainting ] – Not enough blood/ oxygen getting to the brain
What are the short term risks of high blood pressure (hypertension)?
- Headaches due to the high blood pressure in the brain
- Nosebleeds due to damaged blood vessels in the nose
What are the long terms risks of high blood pressure (hypertension)?
- Heart disease –> the heart must work harder to pump blood around the body
- Stroke –> high pressure can cause the blood vessels to burst as they are weakened
What are the long term risks of low blood pressure (hypotension)?
- Risk of injury –> low blood pressure can cause dizziness, fainting, blurred vision, nausea
- Lack of stamina
What are the physical activity recommendations for children aged 1 to 5 years?
60 minutes a day of moderate/ vigorous intensity
- walking
- climbing
- running
What are the physical activity recommendations for children ages 5 to 18 years?
60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous spread evenly across the week
What are physical recommendations for adults with disabilities?
- 150 minutes per week –> balance + strength on 2 days of the week
-NO vigorous exercise
What are the physical recommendations for adults?
- 75 minutes vigorous
- running
-sport e.g. netball
*150 minutes moderate
- brisk walk
-gardening
-painting + decorating
What are factors affecting resting heart rate?
- High stress levels as adrenaline is released
- Exercise increases heart rate
- Fitness levels increases resting heart rate
What is the normal range for heart rate?
60 - 100bpm
What is heart rate measured in?
BPM (beats per minute)
What is heart rate?
The number of times an individual’s heart beats in 1 minute
What are the long term risks of abnormal heart rate?
- Low pulse rate:
indicates heart failure as your heart is not working hard enough to pump blood around the body - High pulse rate:
damage to arteries as it can lead to cardiovascular diseases (stroke/ heart attack)
stroke as oxygen can’t get to the brain
What are the short term risks of abnormal heart rate?
Low pulse rate :{under 60}
-causes fainting
-dizziness
-chest pain
-shortness of breath
-light headed
High pulse rate: {over 100}
-same as LPR + high blood pressure
What are the blood pressure ranges?
90/ 60 or lower Low BP (hypotension)
90/60 to 120/80 Ideal BP
120/80 to 140/90 Pre-high BP
140/90 or higher High BP (hypertension)
What are the ranges for BMI classification?
BMI Range Classification
below 18.5 underweight
18.5 to 24.9 healthy weight
25 to 29.9 overweight
30 to 39.9 obese
40 or above severely obese
How does a lack of exercise increase BMI?
{lack of exercise –> burning fewer calories} –> {caloric surplus –> stored as fat, muscle or both}
Explain how a poor lifestyle affects blood pressure
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Drugs
–> narrow blood vessels
How does a poor diet increase BMI?
High sugar/ fat diet means taking in more calories leading to a caloric surplus stored as fat, muscle or both
What are the short term risks of being overweight?
- High blood pressure –> body works harder to pump blood around the body
*Joint pain –> increased weight on joints
Explain a short term effect of being underweight
*Dizziness –> low blood pressure
*Weakness+ tiredness –> less energy from a lack of food
Explain the long term risks of being overweight
- Blood pressure –> Heart works harder to pump blood around the body
- Cardiovascular problems —> arteries hardening from cholesterol in fatty food
Explain a long term effect of being underweight
- Slower/ abnormal growth –> lack of nutrients, protein
*Osteoporosis –> due to low calcium
What percentage of each group should you have according to the Eatwell guide?
Fruit & Veg 40%
Carbohydrates 38%
Proteins 12%
Dairy & Alternatives 8%
Oils & Spreads 1%
What is the impact of too much salt in the diet?
Too much salt in diet causes the body to have excess water which causes high blood pressure in the blood vessels
What are the risks of not following a balanced diet?
- Obesity
- Weak immune system
- Deficiency diseases
- Increased risk of blood pressure
- Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases
Explain why a lack of exercise can increase blood pressure
The heart is weakened and when the individual gains weight the heart has to work harder to pump blood around the body which requires more effort so as a result
What are the benefits of physical activity?
Reduces risks of:
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Depression
- Cardiovascular diseases [stroke/ heart attack]
- Obesity
- Cancer
- High blood pressure
- Joint & Back pain
How does a lack of exercise cause an increase in BMI?
Lack of physical activity will cause the body to burn less calories –> caloric surplus –> excess calories will be stored as fat/ muscle or both –> weight gain & an increase in BMI
Explain why a lack of exercise can affect your heart rate
Lack of physical activity –> weakens the heart –> beats more times to pump blood around the body –> increases your heart rate & resting heart rate
What are the negative effects of not participating in physical activity?
- Risk of cardiovascular disease–> cholesterol build up in arteries
- Risk of obesity –> caloric surplus
What needs should be considered in a person centred approach?
-Physical
-Intellectual
-Emotional
-Social
What wishes should be considered in a person centred approach?
-cultural & dietary requirements
-health goals
-priorities
-preference to treatment
-likes & dislikes
What circumstances should be considered in a person centred approach?
-ability/ disability
-age
-living conditions
-physical & emotional health
-support they have
-where they live in relation to service
What are the actions and ways for someone who is not physically active?
Actions
-Do regular physical activity
-Increase amount of physical activity
Ways
-reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases
-reduce blood pressure
-reduce risk of Type 2 Diabetes
-lose weight
-increase cardiovascular fitness
-strength, muscles & bones
What are the actions and ways for someone who does not eat a healthy diet?
Actions
-follow Eatwell Guide
-eat balanced & healthy diet
Ways
-reduce risk of obesity
-reduce risk of Type 2 Diabetes
-reduce risk of weight gain
What are the actions and ways for someone who is suffering from stress?
Actions
-counselling/ therapy
-meditation
Ways
-reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases
-lower blood pressure
-reduce anxiety levels
-improve mood
What are the actions and ways for someone who is drinking more than the recommended units of alcohol per week?
Actions
-reduce alcohol consumption
-medical support to reduce alcohol intake
Ways
-improve mental health
-risk of liver diseases
-risk of alcohol related cancers
What are the actions and ways for someone who is smoking?
Actions
-reduce amount of smoking
-nicotine replacement patches
-swap to e-cigarettes
Ways
-reduce risk of lung cancer
-reduce risk of respiratory problems
What are the actions and ways for someone who is abusing substances?
Actions
-professional support for addiction
-reduce substance use
Ways
-improve mental health
-reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases
-reduce dependence on substances
What is the impact of substance misuse on health & wellbeing?
Long term use can cause psychological effects. For example anxiety & depression and function of the brain.
Pregnancy complications as the substances are passed to the foetus.
What are the three types of substance misuse?
Using:
-illegal drugs e.g. cannabis/ cocaine
-legal drugs dangerously e.g. too much alcohol
-prescribed drugs incorrectly
What is the difference between street drugs & prescription drugs?
Street drugs –> Illegal, unsafe & cause damage to mental + physical health
Prescription drugs –> Legal, safe & effective + prescribed by a doctor
How can a person misuse prescription drugs?
-Become addicted
-Higher dosage than doctor recommends
-Take drug for longer period of time than recomended
What are the environmental factors?
Housing needs, location and conditions, The environment, Exposure to pollution
What are the cultural factors?
Religion, Gender roles and expectations, Gender identity, Sexual Orientation, Community participation
What are the lifestyle factors?
Nutrition, Physical activity, Alcohol misuse, Smoking use, Substance misuse
What are the physical factors?
Physical ill health, Mental ill health, sensory impairment, inherited conditions, physical ability
What are the physical impacts of inherited conditions?
- symptoms cause discomfort and pain
- difficulty keeping active
What are the emotional impacts of inherited conditions?
- stressed or anxious about their health
- impact on appearance and abilities can lead to poor self-esteem and self image
- reliance on others will reduce their independence
What are the social impacts of inherited conditions?
- appearance may cause lack of confidence in forming new relationships
- lack of physical abilities can stop joining in with social events causing loneliness
- not able to have interactions with other CF patients
Give 2 symptoms of Cystic fibrosis
- recurring chest infections
- shortness of breath
- persistent cough
- difficulty digesting food
Give 2 symptoms of Sickle cell disease
- painful episodes – very severe – lasts for days or weeks
- increased risk of infections
- anaemia – blood cells cannot carry enough oxygen around the body – cause tiredness and shortness of breath
What are the circumstances that might support or reduce an individual’s ability to improve their health and wellbeing?
Where they live (in relation to need), their abilities, their age, their living condition, their financial situation, the support they have, family commitments, work commitments
What support do care professionals provide?
Practical support
Prescribe medication /give treatment
Give information and advice
What support do support groups provide?
Someone to talk to
Emotional support (encouragement/motivation)
Advice
What support do charities and volunteers provide?
Organise events
Information and advice
What support does informal care provide with examples?
Emotional support:
- encouragement
- motivation
- offer praise
- reassurance
- someone to make the lifestyle changes with e.g. stop the bad habit as well, take them out, exercise with them
-
Information and advice:
- healthy recipes
- quick exercise routines
Practical help:
- research services
- helping with childcare
- cooking for them
What are the physical barriers?
- steps at the entrance to the building
- building has multiple floors
- busy or cluttered walkways and pavements
- narrow doorways and corridors
- uneven floors
- no parking or parking a long distance away
- patient in pain
Who do physical barriers affect?
people with disabilities or reduced mobility
What are the geographical barriers?
- car park or nearest bus stop is a long walk away from the service
- the journey to the service takes a long time
- the route to the service is unsafe or doesn’t have a footpath, so people can’t walk on it
- there is no direct transport link to get to the service
- public transport to the service is not very frequent car parking or public transport is expensive
- there is no car parking
Who do geographical barriers affect?
People who have to travel for the care service
What are the financial barriers?
- charges for some services (e.g. optical care)
- cost of prescriptions
- having to take time off work to access a service leading to a loss of income or having to give up work completely due to long-term hospital care
- childcare costs while parents are at appointments
- costs associated with travel (bus tickets, petrol, parking)
Who do financial barriers affect?
People who have low income
What are the sensory barriers?
- information leaflets printed in small text, making them hard to read
- small and hard to read signs or maps showing directions around the building
- colour-coded signs can be difficult for those who are colour blind to understand
- screens at GP surgeries showing the name of the next patient and the room number to go to
- noisy and dark reception areas making it hard to lip read
- telephone booking systems for appointments
- difficulty hearing instructions during medical tests and procedures
- not hearing the call from the waiting room
Who do sensory barriers affect?
People with sensory impairments
What are the language barriers?
- doctors use jargon (technical words) when talking about a patient
- people having an accident or becoming ill in another country where they do not speak the language
- patients in English-speaking countries understanding and speaking very little English
- information leaflets only available in one language
- care providers using slang or phrases specific to their own language
- speech impairments making it difficult for patients to express their needs
Who do language barriers affect?
People with EAL or speech impairments
What are the social and cultural barriers?
- lack of awareness (of the individual)
- different cultural/religious beliefs e.g. diet, gender needs
- social stigma e.g. embarrassment of condition (LGBTQ+, STI, mental illnesses)
- fear of loss of independence
Who do social and cultural barriers affect?
People with different social and cultural backgrounds
What are the resource barriers?
- shortage of beds available
- lack of staff available
- lack of equipment available
What are the time constraint obstacles?
Family/ work commitments
What will these prevent them improving their health and wellbeing? ( time constraints)
- they will have little time to [exercise/cook healthy meals/follow care recommendations]
- they do not have the energy to
[exercise/cook healthy meals/follow care recommendations] - struggle to find appointment
times to fit their schedule - less willing to accept care as they
have to stop working for recovery
What are the availability of resources obstacles?
- low income/ benefits
- do not have equipment
- do not live near services
What will these prevent them improving their health and wellbeing? (availability of resources)
- they are not able to afford
[services not paid for by the NHS
(dentist, optician)/ transport] - less willing to accept care as they
have to stop working for recovery - they are less likely to follow the
recommendations - they are not able to follow the
care recommendations
What are the unachievable targets obstacles?
- unrealistic timescale
- targets too hard
- too many targets
- not suitable targets
What will these prevent them improving their health and wellbeing? ( unachievable targets )
- they will not be motivated
- they may feel overwhelmed
- they may give up on achieving the target
What are the lack of support obstacles?
- no support
- unsupportive people
- people with the same habit
What will these prevent them improving their health and wellbeing?
They will find it hard to stay on
track
They are not getting
encouragement to continue
No one to talk about concerns
with
No one to motivated them
No one to complete the target with
What are the emotional/psychological obstacles?
Lack of motivation
Low self-esteem
Acceptance of current state
Stress and Anxiety
What will these prevent them improving their health and wellbeing?
They find it hard to start/keep
going with recommendations
Do not book appointments
Avoid social situations
Think they won’t be able to so
they do not try
They do not listen to/ follow the
care recommendations
Avoid seeking help as worried
about [bad news/ meeting new
people/ seeking treatment]
What are the other factors obstacles?
Abilities/disabilities, health conditions, Addiction
What will these prevent them improving their health and wellbeing?
Physical - Not able to complete
the recommendations/exercises
Intellectual – Not able to
[understand the new
information/cope
independently/communicate
with professional/follow
recommendations]
Visual impairment - not able to
[read information/drive to
service]
Dementia – not able to [access
service alone/complete
recommendations
independently]
Difficult to stop due to cravings
Hard to admit problem
Not ready to quit
