Health and Medicine During The 19th Century (1800 - 1900) Flashcards
Who was Louis Pasteur? Why was he important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
He came up with Germ Theory that was the idea that germs cause human disease
His experiments were to prove that germs make milk go bad
What was Germ Theory? When was it discovered?
Germ Theory that was the idea that germs cause human disease
1861
Who was Robert Koch? Why was he important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
Developed on Pasteur’s idea
He identified the specific bacteria that caused particular disease such Cholera, Tuberculosis, Typhoid and others
Who was Paul Ehrlich? Why was he important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- Him and his team developed a ‘Magic Bullet’ known as Salvarsan 606.
- A drug that targeted the specific germs that caused the illness without harming anything else in the body.
What were hospitals like at the start of the 1800s?
- Quality of nursing was poor, they were usually drunk
- Unhygienic
- Overcrowded
- Disease spread incredibly quickly
Who was Florence Nightingale? Why was she important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- Improved sanitation in Hospitals
- Made sure they were well ventilated
- Made sure food supplies, clothing and washing facilities were provided to patients
- Published a book
- Set up a school of nursing
Who was Mary Seacole? Why was she important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- She went into the Battlefield of the Crimean War to treat soldiers
- Had extreme beef with Nightingale
- In 1855, opened up the British Hospital between Balaclava and Sevastopol to treat wounded and sick soldiers
Who was Betsi Cadwaladr? Why was she important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- She too was in the Crimean War
- She cleaned wounds and changed bandages
- She worked from 6 am to 11 pm
- She died of dysentery
Who was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson? Why was she important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- One of the first female surgeons
- Set up her own practice
- Gained membership to the British Medical Association
- Helped set up a medical school for women in 1874
Who was Sophia Jex-Blake? Why was she important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- She was a part of the Edinburgh Seven
- Got her medical degree in Switzerland
- Set up her own surgery in Edinburgh
- Helped Elizabeth Garrett Anderson set up the New Hospital For Women And Children
What are anaesthetics?
Substance that removes pain
Who was James Simpson? Why was he important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- 1847, he and his colleges experimented with the effects of Chloroform
- Realised it was an effective anaesthetic
- It was used to ease pain during child birth
What was the ‘Black Period’ of surgery?
- It was difficult to get the dosage of Chloroform right and could kill the patient if too much was used🤣
- Some thought pain-free surgery was unnatural
- With patients asleep, doctors attempted more complex surgery that may have resulted in more deaths than before Chloroform was discovered
What are anti-sceptics?
Something that stops organisms that cause disease from growing and spreading in the body
Who was Joseph Lister? Why was he important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- Soaked his entire theatre in Carbolic acid including himself, his tools and the patients wound.
- He developed a Carbolic spray to kill germs
- The death rate had dropped from 46% to 15%
- This led to aseptic surgery
Why was public so bad during the 1800s?
- Industrial Revolution caused more people to move to cities causing then to become even more overcrowded
- Back to back housing was introduced
- Housing were much more cramped and crowded meaning disease spread even quicker
- Government didn’t care had a Laissz-Faire attitude
Name three killer diseases during the 19th century?
- Cholera
- Typhoid
- Tuberculosis
- Diphtheria
- Influenza
Who was Edwin Chadwick? Why was he important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- He did the 1842 Sanitary Report
- Established a link between poor living conditions, disease and life expectancy
- Suggested they need to build new sewer systems to supply clean water that will be should be in constant supply
What did the 1848 Public Health Act do?
- Set up the General Board of health that only had powers until 1854
- Didn’t enforce local Boards of Health to be set up but allowed them to be
- Didn’t force towns to collect tax to improve local health but encouraged it
- Allowed but didn’t enforce Boards of Health to connect houses to sewers
- Didn’t apply to Scotland and London
What did the 1875 Public Health Act do?
- This act was compulsory
- Local authorities had to appoint a Medical Officer and a Sanitary Inspector
- Local authorities had to take responsibility for:
- Sewers
- Water supplies
- Rubbish collection
- Public toilets
- Public Parks
- All new house had to have piped water, proper toilets, drains and sewers
- Slaughter houses had to be inspected to prevent the sale of contaminated food
- Local authorities had to keep sewers in good condition.
Who was John Snow? Why was he important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- Snow linked Cholera to contaminated water
- He noted that in London, all the victims lived near same water pump in Broad Street
- He removed the handle so they had to use a different pump and the outbreak stopped
- Didn’t have an initial effect but after the Great Stink in 1858, Parliament acknowledged Snow’s findings and gave the engineer Joseph Bazalgette money to build a new sewer system for London
Who was Joseph Bazalgette? Why was he important to the development of health and medicine during the 19th Century?
- He built an 83 mile sewer system across 7 years.
- He started in 1859 and ended in 1866.
- It removed 420 million gallons of sewage a day
