Health and Human Development Unit 2 Flashcards
AOS 2- Medicare
- Australia’s universal health insurance system providing access to healthcare that is subsidised by the government.
- Established by the Federal Government in 1984
- For Australian citizens or anyone from a country who has a reciprocal agreement- have access to healthcare subsidised by the government
- Aims to improve access to healthcare for all Australians and to provide access to adequate healthcare at little or no cost to all Australians in need of treatment
What does it cover?
Out-of-pocket expenses: pay all or some of the fee for: GPs, tests and examinations to treat illnesses (eg. X-rays), etc.
The MEDICARE LEVY SAFETY NET ensures that people who require frequent services covered by Medicare, such as doctors visits receive additional financial support.
What is not covered?
Home nursing, eye therapy, etc.
Advantages: choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services, available to all Australian citizens
Disadvantages: waiting lists for many treatments
How is Medicare Funded?
- Medicare Levy- is an additional 2 per cent tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers- except for very low incomes or exempt from paying a levy.
- Medicare Levy Surcharge- if no PHI and earning more than a certain amount, pay an extra tax which increases with income (from 1-1.5%)
- General Taxation- income collected through general taxation is also used to help fund the cost of Medicare.
Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS)
- Funded by the Federal Government
- Started in 1948
- Purpose remains the same today, however, now subsidised and patients must make a patient co-payment
- Covers over 5000 brands of prescription medicine that are subsidised, however, not all medications are covered, requiring the patient to pay the full amount
PBS SAFETY NET- if you and your family need a lot of medicines in a year, the Safety Net helps you with the cost of your medicines.
National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)
- A national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities and their families and carers. It takes a lifetime approach, investing in people with a disability early to improve their outcomes later in life so they can live an ordinary life.
- Established in 2013 by the Federal Government
- It was funded by the federal and state/territory governments
Provides:
- Access mainstream services and supports. Eg. doctors
- Access community services and supports. Eg. sport clubs
- Maintain informal support arrangements. Eg. from family and friends.
- Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports. Eg. pay for assisted technology to live an ordinary life such as wheelchairs, etc.
Private Health Insurance (PHI)
- Insurance where members pay a premium (fee) in return for health-related costs not covered by Medicare. It is an optional additional insurance purchased on top of Medicare. PHI (eg. Medibank, BUPA, etc) contributes much of the necessary funding to the health system, funding private hospitals.
Access to:
- Choice- hospital, own room, doctor or specialist
- Choice of timing for treatment and shorter waiting times (eg. podiatry)
- etc.
Not covered or not fully covered depending on the level of cover:
- specific services (exclusions)
- cosmetic or elective surgery when Medicare will not pay a benefit
Incentives for PHI:
- Medicare Levy Surcharge- high income earners are charged an extra 1% of their income to Medicare up to 1.5% for higher income earners- encourages higher income earners to take out PHI.
- Lifetime Health Cover- people who take up PHI after the age of 31 pay an extra 2 per cent on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30.
- PHI Rebate- the government will pay a percentage (income tested) of your health insurance premium which reduces the overall cost of your insurance making it more affordable.
- Age-based discount- insurers have the option to offer people aged 18-29 years discounts of up to 10% off their PHI hospital premiums. People will retain that discount until they turn 41, when it will be gradually phased out.
Advantages of PHI:
- enables access to private hospital care
- choice of doctor while in public or private hospital
- shorter waiting times for some medical procedures such as, elective surgery, etc.
Disadvantages:
- costly premiums that have to be paid
- policies can be complex to understand
AOS 1- Development- definitions
development: the series of orderly, predictable changes that occur from fertilisation until death. Development can be physical, social, emotional or intellectual.
emotional development: relates to experiencing the full range of emotions and increasing complexity relating to the expression of emotions, the development of self-concept and resilience.
intellectual development: the increase in complexity of processes in the brain such as thought, knowledge and memory.
physical development: changes to the body and its systems. These can be changes in size (i.e. growth) complexity (eg. the increase in complexity of the nervous system) and motor skills (eg. learning to walk).
social development: the increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people.
abstract thought: a complex thought process where ideas are the focus rather than tangible objects.
concrete thought: a simple thought process that centres on objects and the physical environment.
fertilisation: the fusing of a sperm and an egg cell. Marks the beginning of pregnancy. Also known as conception.
fine motor skills: the manipulation and coordination of small muscle groups such as those in the hands.
gross motor skills: the manipulation and coordination of large muscle groups such as those in arms and legs.
zygote: a full cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm and an ovum.
generation gap: the difference in attitudes and opinions experienced by people of different generations.
Developmental Transitions from Youth the Adulthood Examples
note: there are more examples in smack book
- Physical:
Growth: this change is marked by significant growth. During youth, on average, a girl will gain 16cm in height and 16kg in weight. Boys will gain an extra 20cm and 20kg.
Changes to body systems: changes to the reproductive system, increase in muscle mass, etc.
- Social:
Behaviours: peer group is extremely influential. Youth become more independent and they change the way they behave in accordance to the situation.
Communication skills: the types of interactions that occur change as youth are given greater freedom and treated more like adults.
- Emotional:
Self-concept: as youth transition to adulthood and explore different values and beliefs they may have a deeper understanding of who they are as people. If they are satisfied with the person they have become, they may enter adulthood with a greater sense of pride.
Building resilience: as life experiences and knowledge develop, the transition to adulthood is often marked by greater resilience.
- Intellectual:
Language: increase in skills relating to vocabulary, grammar and the use of language (eg. figurative speech). Language is also developed through experiences scubas, reading.
Attention: if individuals develop a deep interest in a career or hobby, they may be able to focus their attention on a related task for hours at a time.
Prenatal stage
Begins when a sperm penetrates an egg in a process known as fertilisation to form one complete cell, called a zygote. The prenatal stage continues until birth and is characterised by the development of the body’s organs and structures, and substantial growth. In terms of rate of growth, the prenatal stage is by far the fastest growth period of all the human lifespan stages. It is also one of the most vulnerable stages of the lifespan in terms of making it all the way through the prenatal stage and the process of birth.
Stages of prenatal development include:
- Germinal stage (occurs after fertilisation- occurs from 0-2 weeks)
- Embryonic stage (3-8 weeks)
- Foetal stage (9-38)
Infancy
As infants can vary in the time at which they begin speaking, many organisations and professionals in this field have adopted the view that this stage ends with the second birthday (approximately).
Infancy is a period of rapid growth with many changes. A newborn baby is obviously very different from a two year old. By the time an infant turns two, they have developed their motor skills, and can walk, use simple words, identify people who are familiar to the, play social games, etc.
Many of the developmental milestones that the infant achieves will have some sort of bearing on how they develop in later years.
Early Childhood
Starts at the end of infancy and continues until the sixth birthday. This stage is characterised by slow and steady growth and the accomplishment of many new skills. The child learns social skills that will allow them to interact with other people. During this stage they will make friends, be able to eat with adults at the table and become toilet trained.
