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HHD > Health and Human Development > Flashcards

Health and Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Aid

A

assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long-term sustainable improvements

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2
Q

Allied health services

A

health services provided by trained health professionals who are not doctors, dentists or nurses. Examples include services provided by physiotherapists, psychologists and occupational therapists.

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3
Q

Anaemia

A

a condition characterised by a reduced ability of the body to deliver enough oxygen to the cells due to a lack of healthy red blood cells

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4
Q

Antenatal

A

relates to the medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born

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5
Q

Antenatal care

A

healthcare provided to women during pregnancy and just after birth

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6
Q

Antioxidants

A

compounds in foods that neutralise free radicals

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7
Q

Asphyxia

A

interrupted breathing leading to low levels of oxygen in the body, unconsciousness and often death

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8
Q

Assistive technology

A

a device, system or design that allows an individual to perform a task that they would otherwise be unable to do, or increase the ease and safety with which a task can be performed

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9
Q

Asylum seeker

A

a person seeking international protection and whose refugee status is yet to be determined

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10
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

the build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls, making it harder for blood to get through

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11
Q

Bilateral aid

A

the provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country

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12
Q

Biodiversity

A

the variety of different plants, animals and micro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystems of which they are a part

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13
Q

Biological factors

A

factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing, such as genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight

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14
Q

Biomedical approach to health

A

focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.

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15
Q

Birth asphyxia

A

a condition in which a baby’s brain and other organs do not get enough oxygen before, during or immediately after birth. It can cause temporary or permanent damage.

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16
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

a statistical measure of body mass calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by height (in m2)

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17
Q

Bulk billing

A

when the doctor charges only the schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient.

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18
Q

Burden of disease

A

a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY (VCAA).

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19
Q

Cholesterol

A

a type of fat required for optimal functioning of the body that in excess can lead to a range of health concerns including the blocking of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Can be ‘bad’ low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or ‘good’ high density lipoprotein (HDL).

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20
Q

Chronic condition

A

any disease or condition that lasts a long time (usually longer than six months). It usually can’t be cured and therefore requires ongoing treatment and management. Examples include arthritis and asthma.

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21
Q

Communicable diseases

A

infectious diseases that are transmitted from the environment; including through air, water, food and other infected organisms (including other humans)

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22
Q

CT scans

A

computed tomography scan, which is a specialised x-ray taken from many different angles to build a three-dimensional picture of the body

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23
Q

Degradation

A

the deterioration of the environment through the depletion of resources, such as clean air, water and soil, the destruction of ecosystems, and the extinction of wildlife

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24
Q

Dermatologist

A

a medical doctor with specialist training relating to conditions of the skin

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25
Q

Dimensions of health and wellbeing

A

these are the components that make up an individual’s overall health and wellbeing. The dimensions are physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual.

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26
Q

Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

A

a measure of burden of disease. One DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death. DALYs are calculated as the sum of the years of life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability for people living with the health condition or its consequences (AIHW, 2018).

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27
Q

Discrimination

A

when a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.

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28
Q

Disease

A

a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage

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29
Q

Displaced people

A

those who are forced to leave their home because of war or persecution

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30
Q

Double burden of disease

A

when conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-by-side in one community, such as undernutrition and obesity

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31
Q

Dynamic

A

continually changing

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32
Q

Economic sustainability

A

ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future

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33
Q

Ecosystem

A

a community of living things and the non-living components of the environment in which they live. An ecosystem can include plants, animals, micro-organisms, water, air, soil and rocks.

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34
Q

Emergency aid

A

rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies such as wars and natural disasters, for example floods, tsunamis or earthquakes. Emergency aid is also called ‘humanitarian aid’.

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35
Q

Emotional health and wellbeing

A

relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way. Emotional health and wellbeing is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience. Emotional health and wellbeing is the degree to which an individual feels emotionally secure and relaxed in everyday life

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36
Q

Energy balance

A

when the amount of energy consumed is the same as the amount of energy required. Energy balance contributes to neither weight gain or weight loss.

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37
Q

Energy dense

A

(foods) foods that contain significant amounts of fat, carbohydrates and/or protein, therefore contributing large amounts of energy to the diet

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38
Q

Environmental factors

A

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. Environmental factors include workplaces, housing, roads and geographical access to resources such as healthcare.

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39
Q

Environmental sustainability

A

ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future

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40
Q

Extreme poverty

A

living on less than US$1.90 per day

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41
Q

Extremism

A

belief in and support for ideas that are very far from what most people consider correct or reasonable

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42
Q

Fertilisation

A

the fusing of a sperm and egg cell. Marks the beginning of pregnancy. Also known as conception.

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43
Q

Fertility rates

A

the number of live births per 1000 women aged 15–49 in one year

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44
Q

First trimester

A

the first three months of pregnancy

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45
Q

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. Problems that may occur in babies exposed to alcohol before birth include low birth weight, distinctive facial features, heart defects, behavioural problems and intellectual disability.

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46
Q

Food insecurity

A

when healthy, affordable food is not obtainable

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47
Q

Food security

A

‘the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources’ (VicHealth, 2008)

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48
Q

Fortified

A

(foods) when a nutrient has been artificially added to food to increase its nutritional value

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49
Q

Free radicals

A

molecules formed when oxygen is metabolised. Free radicals can damage healthy body cells and increase the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

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50
Q

Gender equality

A

when males and females have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities

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51
Q

Genetic predisposition

A

an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person’s genetic makeup (often indicated by a person’s family history of disease)

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52
Q

Globalisation

A

the process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society. A reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process.

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53
Q

Governance

A

the structures and processes that are designed to ensure accountability, transparency, rule of law, inclusiveness and broad-based participation in society

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54
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing heat. Carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons (used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays) are examples of greenhouse gases.

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55
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

a measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.

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56
Q

Gross National Income (GNI)

A

the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country

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57
Q

Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

A

the average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury (AIHW, 2018)

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58
Q

Health and wellbeing

A

the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged

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59
Q

Health indicators

A

standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status (e.g. life expectancy, mortality rates, morbidity rates)

60
Q

Health literacy

A

the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

61
Q

Health promotion

A

the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health

62
Q

Health status

A

‘An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.’ (AIHW, 2008)

63
Q

Human development

A

creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives (adapted from the UN Development Programme, 1990).

64
Q

Human Development Index

A

a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions — a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living — and four indicators — life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita.

65
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

an infection that results in the gradual depletion and weakening of the immune system, resulting in increased susceptibility to other infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis

66
Q

Human rights

A

relates to the freedoms and conditions to which every person is entitled

67
Q

Hunger

A

the continuing lack of food needed for an active and healthy life

68
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

69
Q

Illness

A

a subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease or injury

70
Q

Incidence

A

refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period

71
Q

Income test

A

a determination of whether an individual or family is eligible for government assistance based on their level of income

72
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

the rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births

73
Q

Infectious diseases

A

diseases caused by micro-organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another

74
Q

Infirmity

A

the quality or state of being weak or ill; often associated with old age

75
Q

Infrastructure

A

the physical and organisational structures, facilities and systems (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society

76
Q

Intersectoral collaboration

A

having groups from many sectors, such as government, health and the private sector, working together to achieve a common goal

77
Q

Life expectancy

A

the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth (AIHW, 2018).

78
Q

Low birth weight

A

weighing less than 2500 grams (2.5 kilograms) at birth

79
Q

Malaria

A

a communicable disease that is transmitted via infected mosquitoes

80
Q

Maternal mortality

A

death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within six weeks of delivery

81
Q

Maternal mortality ratio

A

the number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, childbirth or associated treatment per 100 000 women who give birth

82
Q

Menopause

A

when the menstrual cycle stops permanently, ending the ability of a female to reproduce

83
Q

Mental health and wellbeing

A

the current state of wellbeing relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic

84
Q

Millennium Development Goals

A

a set of goals that were introduced in 2000 to guide global action until 2015

85
Q

Morbidity

A

ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population (often expressed through incidence and prevalence) (AIHW, 2018)

86
Q

Mortality

A

the number of deaths in a population in a given period (AIHW, 2018)

87
Q

Mortality rate

A

(sometimes referred to as ‘death rate’) the measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one-year period (usually per 100 000)

88
Q

Multilateral aid

A

aid provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations or World Health Organization. Multilateral aid combines donations from several countries and then distributes them to the recipients.

89
Q

Neonatal period

A

the first 28 days after birth

90
Q

New public health

A

an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health. Also referred to as the social model of health.

91
Q

Non-communicable diseases

A

conditions that are usually long-lasting and generally progress slowly. Non-communicable diseases are not spread through the environment and include cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes.

92
Q

Non-government organisation (NGO)

A

non-profit organisations work to promote health and wellbeing and human development and they operate separately from governments.

93
Q

Non-government organisation (NGO) aid

A

NGOs take different approaches to aid, which can include specific projects or programs, emergency aid, volunteering, education and development.

94
Q

Non-renewable resources

A

resources that are not replenished in a short period, so once they are used they are not available for future generations. Non-renewable resources include coal, natural gas, petroleum and nuclear substances.

95
Q

Nutrient dense

A

(foods) foods that contain a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals

96
Q

Old public health

A

government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions

97
Q

Open defecation

A

using open spaces rather than a toilet to pass human waste

98
Q

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

A

an approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, all of which are centred around three strategies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy.

99
Q

Paleo diet

A

a diet characterised by consuming foods available to humans during the Paleolithic period (from around 2.5 million to 12 000 years ago). The Paleo diet restricts the consumption of dairy, refined grains such as bread and pasta, and refined sugar such as chocolate and soft drink. The main components of the Paleo diet are meat, fish, nuts, vegetables and seeds.

100
Q

Palliative care

A

an approach designed to improve the quality of life of patients with a life-threatening illness with little or no prospect of a cure. This is achieved through the prevention and relief of suffering and the treatment of pain.

101
Q

Pandemic

A

the spread of infectious disease through human populations across a large region such as multiple continents or worldwide. COVID-19 is the most recent example of a pandemic, affecting almost every country.

102
Q

Pathogens

A

bacteria, viruses and other microbes that can cause disease

103
Q

Patient co-payments

A

the payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government

104
Q

Periodontitis

A

a condition characterised by inflammation and infection of the tissues that support the teeth

105
Q

PET scan

A

involves having an injection of a small amount of radioactive material, which enables a scanner to build up a picture of the body

106
Q

Physical health and wellbeing

A

relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks

107
Q

Poverty

A

not having the resources to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter

108
Q

Premium

A

the amount paid for insurance

109
Q

Prevalence

A

the total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time (AIHW, 2008)

110
Q

Primary production

A

the process of producing natural products for human use such as plants and animals

111
Q

Private sector

A

part of a country’s economic system that is run by individuals and companies, rather than the government

112
Q

Productivity

A

relates to the efficiency of production of goods and services. Productivity is measured by the amount of output produced per unit of input

113
Q

Public health

A

the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and prevent disease

114
Q

Quarantine

A

laws that require a person, animal, plant or any type of material that might be carrying an infectious agent to be kept isolated to prevent the spread of disease

115
Q

Renewable resources

A

resources that are replenished naturally and over a relatively short period, and include crops, water, oxygen, forests and fish stocks

116
Q

Sanitation

A

the process of eliminating contact between humans and hazardous wastes, including human and animal faeces and urine, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage and grey water), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes

117
Q

Schedule fee

A

the amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments. The government decides what each item is worth and that’s what Medicare pays. Doctors and private hospitals may choose to charge more than the schedule fee.

118
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

a worm infection that occurs when people swim, bathe or have contact with fresh water contaminated with human excreta

119
Q

Self-assessed health status

A

‘An individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general.’ (AIHW, 2018) It is commonly sourced from population surveys.

120
Q

Sistergirls

A

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander transgender women (assigned male at birth) who have a distinct cultural identity and often take on female roles within the community, including looking after children and family (2015, Sisters & Brothers NT)

121
Q

Social exclusion

A

the segregation that people experience if they are not adequately participating in the society in which they live

122
Q

Social health and wellbeing

A

relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. It also includes the level of support provided by family and within a community to ensure that every person has equal opportunity to function as a contributing member of the society

123
Q

Social isolation

A

refers to individuals who are not in regular contact with others

124
Q

Social justice

A

can be defined in a number of ways, but the common underlying theme is equal rights for all, regardless of personal traits such as sex, class and income, ethnicity, religion, age or sexual orientation

125
Q

Social model of health

A

an approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups

126
Q

Social protection measures

A

measures put in place to prevent individuals and families from suffering from poverty because of a crisis or another unexpected event. Measures include the provision of healthcare, and income security for children, those who become sick or disabled and the elderly.

127
Q

Social sustainability

A

creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely

128
Q

Sociocultural factors

A

the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These conditions include socioeconomic status, social connections, family and cultural norms, food security, early life experiences, and access to affordable, culturally appropriate healthcare.

129
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

the social standing of an individual in comparison to others in that society. It is based on education, income and occupation.

130
Q

Spiritual health and wellbeing

A

relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.

131
Q

Stakeholders

A

people, groups and organisations who are involved in, or affected by, a course of action

132
Q

Subjective

A

influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings or opinions

133
Q

Subsistence

A

self-sufficient farming carried out by individuals to provide food for themselves and their family

134
Q

Sustainability

A

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

135
Q

Sustainable agriculture

A

the capacity of agricultural practices over time to provide sufficient food in ways that are economically efficient and profitable, socially responsible and environmentally sound

136
Q

Sustainable development

A

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

137
Q

Syndrome X

A

(also called metabolic syndrome) when a person exhibits a range of factors that increase their risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Examples of the factors include abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and insulin resistance.

138
Q

Syphilis

A

a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. Without treatment, it can damage the heart, brain or other organs, and can be life threatening. It can be passed from mother to an unborn child.

139
Q

Tropical diseases

A

a group of diseases that mainly occur in tropical and subtropical environments and are most common in countries where people lack access to safe water and sanitation

140
Q

Under-five mortality rate (U5MR)

A

the number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births (WHO, 2008)

141
Q

Urban slums

A

a settlement, neighbourhood or region comprised of housing that does not provide the essential conditions required to live a healthy life

142
Q

Vector

A

a living thing that carries and transmits pathogens to other living things

143
Q

Vector control

A

actions taken to control and eradicate the carriers of disease and infection

144
Q

Venereal disease

A

a disease contracted by sexual intercourse with a person already infected; a sexually transmitted infection

145
Q

Years lost due to disability (YLD)

A

a measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to disease, injury or disability

146
Q

Years of life lost (YLL)

A

a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death

HHD (1 decks)

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