health and fitness chapter 1 Flashcards
Three primary body planes
The transverse or horizontal plane: divides the patient’s body into imaginary upper
upper (Superior) and lower (inferior) halves
Three primary body planes
The sagittal plane divide the body, or any body part
vertically into RIGHT and LEFT sections
The sagittal plane runs parallel to the midline of the body
Three primary body planes
The colonel (or frontal plane)
divides the body, or any body structure, vertically into FRONT and BACK (anterior and posterior) sections
The Integumentary system:refers to the
skin, hair, and nails
largest organ system in the body, comforting 15 to 20% of its total mass
Integumentary system part 2:
this system serves as a barrier to:
physical, chemical, and biological agents
It prevents the loss of body water, and regulates temperature
Integumentary system part 3
Many signs of illnesses and disease are first indicated by____
changes in the skin
Muscular system
The Muscular system works in concert with the
skeleton system to move the body and perform such core functions as cardiac activity
musuclar system
key elements of musuclar system:
1) Smooth muscles
2) Cardiac muscles
3) Skeleton muscles:
musuclar system
Smooth muscles: are found in the
Organs such as the heart and digestive tract
musuclar system
Cardiac muscles: are found in the
Heart and responsible for circulatory activity
Skeleton muscles: surround
the skeleton and function primarily to move the body as directed from the brain
Skeleton muscles also produce heat and are responsible for posture
Lymphatic system
The Lymphatic system consisits of
Thymus, lymph, nodes, bone marrow and spleen
Lymphatic system part 2
The primary serve to distribute filter fluids throughout the body and to ____
remove excess fluid and debris
Lymphatic system part 3
Key element of the lymphatic system is
White blood cells becasue they serve to prevent disease and repair the body after infection to prevent further illness
Skeleton system part 1
The Skeleton system serves as the “framework” for the
body by supporting and protecting internal organs and allowing the body to move
Skeleton system part 2
Key elements of the Skeleton system are
Bones
Which store body chemicals such as calcium and produce blood cells and soft bone tissue.
The skull is one of the most important bones in the skeleton system as i
Skeleton system part 3
The SKULL important bone is the skeletal system becasue it
protects the brain, whicgh controlls all bodily functions
The respiratory system part 1
the main organs in the respiratory systems are the:
nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs.
They distribute oxygen throughout the body and remove waste particles of
The respiratory system part 2
respiratory system allows functions to enhance
Speech and smell
The respiratory system part 3
The respiratory system works jointly with the
cardiovascular system by taking oxygenated blood (red blood cells) and distributing them through arteries and capillaries.
The respiratory system part 4
Deoxygenated blood (carbon dioxide) is transported via the ___
venous system back to the lungs to exhaled
Cardiovascular system past 1
Pumps blood throughout the body via the
arterial and venous systems.
Cardiovascular system part 2
The blood carries
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and other waste throughout the body
Cardiovascular system part 3
Working with the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system provides
muscles and other organisms with the nutrients
A healthy heart can more effectively distribute nutrients and remove was
Digestive system part 1
The Digestive system consists of the
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, large and small intestines, rectum and anus.
Digestive system part 2:
Its responsible for breaking down
food, absorbing nutritions, and working with the cardiovascular system to distribute nutrients throughout the body, while also removing waste products.
Urinary system part 1
the Urinary system consists of the
bladder, kidneys ureter and urethra
Urinary system part 2
the main function is to eliminate waste products by
Expelling urine:
This system also maintains homeostatic balance of water by excreting excess urine, maintaining electrolytes in the bloodstream, and regulating blood pH levels
Urinary system part 3:
this balance of water is crucial to body functioning as dehydration can lead to
low blood pressure that affects the kidney liver and brain
Dehydration: can also affect the?
muscular, system resulting in cramps from poor thermoregulation and alternate flood movement across tissue membranes
Nervous systems part 1
The human nervous system consists of the?
central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (i.e., nerves)
they deliver voluntarily and involuntarily messages throughout the body
Nervous systems part 2
Core functions such as digestion and respiration are controlled by the?
brain via messages sent through the peripheral nervous system.
The brain also receives external cues to regulate temperature and activa
The reproductive system part 1
The male reproductive system: consists of the?
prostate, testicle, penis, and scrotum in males
the primary function is the creation of human life.
The reproductive system part 2
The female reproductive system: consists of the
ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes and mammary glands in
the primary function is the creation of human life.
The reproductive system part 3
Sperm is produced by the testes and is delivered to the ovary-produced eggs in the fallopian tubes for fertilization.
The uterus then serves as the home for the developing fetus.
Mammary glands secrete nutrients for the newborn child.
Endocrine system part 1
Consist of
pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, and thyroid glands.
They circulate hormones throughout the body that regulate growth, metabo
Endocrine system part 2
The Endocrine system controls the
heart rate, blood pressure, appetite, sleep patterns, body temperature, and the levels of glucose (blood sugars) in the bloodstream.
Diabetes (both types 1 and 2) are diseases of the endocrine system
Hereditary factors
are traits passed within a family that can impact one’s Health in both negative and positive ways
Environment refers to the physical environment
(polluted air and water, unsafe home) and the social environment (substance abuse in the home, partner abuse) can both impact health
Aerobic exercises strengthens the Heart by increasing
the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells (hemoglobin) while also lowering resting blood pressure
In addition aerobic exercises helps increase high density lipoproteins a
Children age 6 to 17 should perform
60 Minutes of aerobic exercises per day combined with muscle strengthening exercises and at least three bone strengthening exercises per week
Healthy plate model includes
vegetables, proteins, grains, fruit, and dairy
Children should participate in at least
150 minutes of moderate physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week
Preschool children 3-5 years old should sleep
10-13 hours
Elementary school children 6 to 12 should sleep
9-12 hours
Teenagers 13 to 18 should sleep
8-10 hours
Adults 18 to 60 should sleep
7 or more hours
Puberty can occur as early as
8 to 12 years old
Puberty can occur as late as
High School 13 to 15 years old
Puberty
for females puberty is the beginning of the menstrual cycle,
which is the changes in body shape breast tenderness and hair growth
For males puberty is
characterized by acne, genital growth, hair growth, deepening of the voice, height and muscle growth
Puberty impacts emotional and social impacts of personal health you can become more
self-conscious experience dramatic mood swings develop a sexual interest in others and experience changes in sleep patterns and energy levels
Fine motor skills
small movements in the hand wrist and fingers
grasping eating utensils and writing utensils
Gross motor skills
involve the development of larger muscle groups that allow a developing infant to sit, crawl, and eventually walk
as the child ages, more complex tasks are accomplished through developme
Physical development for newborns to 6 months of age
gross motor physical development markers: such as using large muscle groups to take their feet when on their back, control head bobbing
Fine motor skills: include being able to hold objects placed in their arms reaching for and grabbing objects and drawing these objects closer to the body
6-12 months:
by 9 months of age a child should move into a sitting position unassisted and maintain that position without support, switch objects from one hand to the other
A 12 month year old baby should be able to pull up on another object to stand and insisted, walk with support from other objects, drink from a cup with adult assistance,
Children 12 to 18 months of age
develop gross motor skills: include unassisted standing, walking independently, squatting to pick up items,
fine motor skills: include pointing to pictures in a book, scribbling with a crayon, stacking items on top of each other, feeding themselves with more precision
18 months to three years:
increased gross and fine motor skills can run well, walk downstairs with minimal assistance, remove shirts and pants without assistance,
children 3-5
very physically active and decreased developed increased Independence children demonstrate a hand preference and can hold crayon / writing instruments between the thumb and first two fingers use the toilet independently
6-12 years old:
gross motor skills are increased large group muscle mass lead to skill development in sports of muscle movements leads to the ability to complete complex tasks
sex hormones or estrogen and testosterone during puberty is also respons
13 to 18 years
the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen begin to play a more bigger role in physical development
Human cognitive development: refers to the way children experience the world and make sense of it the steps of cognitive development include
reasoning, intelligence, language and memory
Reasoning:
refers to thinking about things in a logical and rational manner
Intelligence:
refers to the ability to obtain and apply Knowledge and Skills in common daily interactions
Language:
refers to the emergence of words and communication for symbols
Memory:
refers to the ability to encode store and retrieve information so that once novel concept/situations become routine and recognizable
Piaget theory of cognitive development
Divides cognition into phases with an approximate age ranges
Sensorimotor intelligence:
Birth to two years of age
Marked by the infant interacting with the world through movements and sensations along with looking, reaching, grasping, and sucking
Concrete operational stage:
7 to 11 years of age
Marked by the use of logical thinking and development of reasoning ability
Preoperational phase
2 to 7 years of age
Marked by the use of language and pictures to represent objects. In this phase children are egocentric and only think of the world from their perspective
Formal operational stage
12 years of age and older
marked by the development and use of abstract thought, reasoning through hypothetical situations, and the development and refinement of moral, psychological, ethnic, and moral reasoning
Cognitive delays: are conditions in which
children lag significantly behind their peers.
These delays may be classified as intellectual disabilities or a cognitive disorder
Social/emotional development: refers to a person’s ability to
experience, regulate, and express emotions, and to communicate and interact with others.
empathy is a key milestone
Social/emotional development part 2
It begins at birth when children bond with parents and other adults by understanding
emotions for facial expressions and voice patterns
as a children ages maintaining positive relationships with parents and other nutrient caregivers leads to increased social/emotional development
Prenatal care: you need to avoid
tobacco or alcohol use, taking vitamin substance such as folic acid, follow a healthy diet exercising with the guidance of a physician, avoid exposure to toxic substances, limit caffeine intake, and maintain a healthy weight
Poor fetal development can lead to a lifetime of
physical, mental, and emotional challenges.
it’s important to detect pregnancy at its earliest stages to begin a medicated supervised prenatal program
Intrauterine growth restriction (UIG):
Poor parental growth is often referred to as UIG
Key indicators of UIG
when the developing fetus is not as big as expected given the stage of pregnancy (gestational age)
The typical cause of UIG is a lack of proper nutrition to the developing fetus
Key indicators of UIG part 2:
Low birth weight:
less than 5.5 lb often tied to prematurity birth before the 37th week of pregnancy, this can lead to trouble eating, difficult gaining weight, and difficult fighting infections
Neurodevelopmental challenges: for UIG infants can include
reduced responsiveness, delayed bonding with the mother, and lack of Engagement with adult faces.
The vast majority of UIG cases can be prevented by Improvement maternity diet, increased maternity sleep, and avoidance of Alcohol and Other Drugs
Healthy relationships qualities:
1) mutual respect
2) setting healthy boundaries
3) open communication
4) Trust
Characteristics that are important in intimate and family relationships
1) equality
2) compatibility
3) shared decision making
Characteristics that are important in optimal family function and family
1) cohesiveness
2) maintaining romantic relationships
3) accountability
4) support and showing appreciation
Unhealthy relationships
1) control
2) disrespect
3) level of dependence
4) dishonesty
Negative peer pressure: results in
in poor health outcomes and it can result in depression, poor self-confidence, increased anxiety and stress
Peer relationship:
an established interpersonal connection between two individuals who share a developmental (age) or situational identity (school)
Positive peer pressure:
can encourage healthy behaviors that result in an improved social, mental, and physical well-being outcomes
Responding to peer pressure:
1) have a ready-to-use strategy,
2) plan ahead and practice
3) refusal skills
4) use of humor to deflect,
5) an excuse to leave the situation
6) change of subject
Always remain calm and unwavering.
Group dynamics is a collection of individuals who work
independently to accomplish a common goal or outcome. Groups can be primary, meaning small in connection base, secondary, meaning large and objective-based, or reference
group dynamics are more limited and defined.
A social support network: refers to
individual’s families, friends, and peers who Provide support and guidance
social support networks are boundless and dynamic
Listening skills:
active listening is a skill that refers to a attentive responsiveness and reflective listening it consists of verbal and nonverbal cues to show engagement and non-judgment(nodding, body language, eye contact, paraphrasing)
Discussing problems:
constructive problem solving is achieved when issues are discussed early, talked about honestly and productively, can be presented by different perspectives strengthens trust and existing relationships
Conflict resolution skills:
Are communication strategies that prevent relationship distributes or avoid escalation, clear rooted and healthy and effective communication, empathy, and self-awareness
Assertiveness:
Assertiveness:
where an individual firmly and clearly communicates their needs and respectfully advocates for themselves. Most healthiest and most effective form of communication
Refusal skills
a critical component of resisting peer pressure and preventing risky or hazardous situations
