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west E health and fitness > health and fitness chapter 1 > Flashcards

health and fitness chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three primary body planes

The transverse or horizontal plane: divides the patient’s body into imaginary upper

A

upper (Superior) and lower (inferior) halves

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2
Q

Three primary body planes

The sagittal plane divide the body, or any body part

A

vertically into RIGHT and LEFT sections

The sagittal plane runs parallel to the midline of the body

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3
Q

Three primary body planes

The colonel (or frontal plane)

A

divides the body, or any body structure, vertically into FRONT and BACK (anterior and posterior) sections

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4
Q

The Integumentary system:refers to the

A

skin, hair, and nails

largest organ system in the body, comforting 15 to 20% of its total mass

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5
Q

Integumentary system part 2:

this system serves as a barrier to:

A

physical, chemical, and biological agents

It prevents the loss of body water, and regulates temperature

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6
Q

Integumentary system part 3

Many signs of illnesses and disease are first indicated by____

A

changes in the skin

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7
Q

Muscular system

The Muscular system works in concert with the

A

skeleton system to move the body and perform such core functions as cardiac activity

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8
Q

musuclar system

key elements of musuclar system:

A

1) Smooth muscles
2) Cardiac muscles
3) Skeleton muscles:

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9
Q

musuclar system

Smooth muscles: are found in the

A

Organs such as the heart and digestive tract

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10
Q

musuclar system

Cardiac muscles: are found in the

A

Heart and responsible for circulatory activity

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11
Q

Skeleton muscles: surround

A

the skeleton and function primarily to move the body as directed from the brain

Skeleton muscles also produce heat and are responsible for posture

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12
Q

Lymphatic system

The Lymphatic system consisits of

A

Thymus, lymph, nodes, bone marrow and spleen

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13
Q

Lymphatic system part 2

The primary serve to distribute filter fluids throughout the body and to ____

A

remove excess fluid and debris

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14
Q

Lymphatic system part 3

Key element of the lymphatic system is

A

White blood cells becasue they serve to prevent disease and repair the body after infection to prevent further illness

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15
Q

Skeleton system part 1

The Skeleton system serves as the “framework” for the

A

body by supporting and protecting internal organs and allowing the body to move

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16
Q

Skeleton system part 2

Key elements of the Skeleton system are

A

Bones
Which store body chemicals such as calcium and produce blood cells and soft bone tissue.

The skull is one of the most important bones in the skeleton system as i

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17
Q

Skeleton system part 3

The SKULL important bone is the skeletal system becasue it

A

protects the brain, whicgh controlls all bodily functions

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18
Q

The respiratory system part 1

the main organs in the respiratory systems are the:

A

nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs.

They distribute oxygen throughout the body and remove waste particles of

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19
Q

The respiratory system part 2

respiratory system allows functions to enhance

A

Speech and smell

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20
Q

The respiratory system part 3

The respiratory system works jointly with the

A

cardiovascular system by taking oxygenated blood (red blood cells) and distributing them through arteries and capillaries.

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21
Q

The respiratory system part 4

Deoxygenated blood (carbon dioxide) is transported via the ___

A

venous system back to the lungs to exhaled

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22
Q

Cardiovascular system past 1

Pumps blood throughout the body via the

A

arterial and venous systems.

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23
Q

Cardiovascular system part 2

The blood carries

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and other waste throughout the body

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24
Q

Cardiovascular system part 3

Working with the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system provides

A

muscles and other organisms with the nutrients

A healthy heart can more effectively distribute nutrients and remove was

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25
Q

Digestive system part 1

The Digestive system consists of the

A

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, large and small intestines, rectum and anus.

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26
Q

Digestive system part 2:

Its responsible for breaking down

A

food, absorbing nutritions, and working with the cardiovascular system to distribute nutrients throughout the body, while also removing waste products.

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27
Q

Urinary system part 1

the Urinary system consists of the

A

bladder, kidneys ureter and urethra

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28
Q

Urinary system part 2

the main function is to eliminate waste products by

A

Expelling urine:

This system also maintains homeostatic balance of water by excreting excess urine, maintaining electrolytes in the bloodstream, and regulating blood pH levels

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29
Q

Urinary system part 3:

this balance of water is crucial to body functioning as dehydration can lead to

A

low blood pressure that affects the kidney liver and brain

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30
Q

Dehydration: can also affect the?

A

muscular, system resulting in cramps from poor thermoregulation and alternate flood movement across tissue membranes

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31
Q

Nervous systems part 1

The human nervous system consists of the?

A

central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (i.e., nerves)

they deliver voluntarily and involuntarily messages throughout the body

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32
Q

Nervous systems part 2

Core functions such as digestion and respiration are controlled by the?

A

brain via messages sent through the peripheral nervous system.

The brain also receives external cues to regulate temperature and activa

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33
Q

The reproductive system part 1

The male reproductive system: consists of the?

A

prostate, testicle, penis, and scrotum in males

the primary function is the creation of human life.

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34
Q

The reproductive system part 2

The female reproductive system: consists of the

A

ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes and mammary glands in

the primary function is the creation of human life.

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35
Q

The reproductive system part 3

Sperm is produced by the testes and is delivered to the ovary-produced eggs in the fallopian tubes for fertilization.

A

The uterus then serves as the home for the developing fetus.

Mammary glands secrete nutrients for the newborn child.

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36
Q

Endocrine system part 1

Consist of

A

pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, and thyroid glands.

They circulate hormones throughout the body that regulate growth, metabo

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37
Q

Endocrine system part 2

The Endocrine system controls the

A

heart rate, blood pressure, appetite, sleep patterns, body temperature, and the levels of glucose (blood sugars) in the bloodstream.

Diabetes (both types 1 and 2) are diseases of the endocrine system

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38
Q

Hereditary factors

A

are traits passed within a family that can impact one’s Health in both negative and positive ways

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39
Q

Environment refers to the physical environment

A

(polluted air and water, unsafe home) and the social environment (substance abuse in the home, partner abuse) can both impact health

40
Q

Aerobic exercises strengthens the Heart by increasing

A

the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells (hemoglobin) while also lowering resting blood pressure

In addition aerobic exercises helps increase high density lipoproteins a

41
Q

Children age 6 to 17 should perform

A

60 Minutes of aerobic exercises per day combined with muscle strengthening exercises and at least three bone strengthening exercises per week

42
Q

Healthy plate model includes

A

vegetables, proteins, grains, fruit, and dairy

43
Q

Children should participate in at least

A

150 minutes of moderate physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week

44
Q

Preschool children 3-5 years old should sleep

A

10-13 hours

45
Q

Elementary school children 6 to 12 should sleep

A

9-12 hours

46
Q

Teenagers 13 to 18 should sleep

A

8-10 hours

47
Q

Adults 18 to 60 should sleep

A

7 or more hours

48
Q

Puberty can occur as early as

A

8 to 12 years old

49
Q

Puberty can occur as late as

A

High School 13 to 15 years old

50
Q

Puberty

for females puberty is the beginning of the menstrual cycle,

A

which is the changes in body shape breast tenderness and hair growth

51
Q

For males puberty is

A

characterized by acne, genital growth, hair growth, deepening of the voice, height and muscle growth

52
Q

Puberty impacts emotional and social impacts of personal health you can become more

A

self-conscious experience dramatic mood swings develop a sexual interest in others and experience changes in sleep patterns and energy levels

53
Q

Fine motor skills

A

small movements in the hand wrist and fingers

grasping eating utensils and writing utensils

54
Q

Gross motor skills

A

involve the development of larger muscle groups that allow a developing infant to sit, crawl, and eventually walk

as the child ages, more complex tasks are accomplished through developme

55
Q

Physical development for newborns to 6 months of age

A

gross motor physical development markers: such as using large muscle groups to take their feet when on their back, control head bobbing

Fine motor skills: include being able to hold objects placed in their arms reaching for and grabbing objects and drawing these objects closer to the body

56
Q

6-12 months:

A

by 9 months of age a child should move into a sitting position unassisted and maintain that position without support, switch objects from one hand to the other
A 12 month year old baby should be able to pull up on another object to stand and insisted, walk with support from other objects, drink from a cup with adult assistance,

57
Q

Children 12 to 18 months of age

A

develop gross motor skills: include unassisted standing, walking independently, squatting to pick up items,

fine motor skills: include pointing to pictures in a book, scribbling with a crayon, stacking items on top of each other, feeding themselves with more precision

58
Q

18 months to three years:

A

increased gross and fine motor skills can run well, walk downstairs with minimal assistance, remove shirts and pants without assistance,

59
Q

children 3-5

A

very physically active and decreased developed increased Independence children demonstrate a hand preference and can hold crayon / writing instruments between the thumb and first two fingers use the toilet independently

60
Q

6-12 years old:

A

gross motor skills are increased large group muscle mass lead to skill development in sports of muscle movements leads to the ability to complete complex tasks

sex hormones or estrogen and testosterone during puberty is also respons

61
Q

13 to 18 years

A

the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen begin to play a more bigger role in physical development

62
Q

Human cognitive development: refers to the way children experience the world and make sense of it the steps of cognitive development include

A

reasoning, intelligence, language and memory

63
Q

Reasoning:

A

refers to thinking about things in a logical and rational manner

64
Q

Intelligence:

A

refers to the ability to obtain and apply Knowledge and Skills in common daily interactions

65
Q

Language:

A

refers to the emergence of words and communication for symbols

66
Q

Memory:

A

refers to the ability to encode store and retrieve information so that once novel concept/situations become routine and recognizable

67
Q

Piaget theory of cognitive development

A

Divides cognition into phases with an approximate age ranges

68
Q

Sensorimotor intelligence:

A

Birth to two years of age

Marked by the infant interacting with the world through movements and sensations along with looking, reaching, grasping, and sucking

69
Q

Concrete operational stage:

A

7 to 11 years of age

Marked by the use of logical thinking and development of reasoning ability

70
Q

Preoperational phase

A

2 to 7 years of age

Marked by the use of language and pictures to represent objects. In this phase children are egocentric and only think of the world from their perspective

71
Q

Formal operational stage

A

12 years of age and older

marked by the development and use of abstract thought, reasoning through hypothetical situations, and the development and refinement of moral, psychological, ethnic, and moral reasoning

72
Q

Cognitive delays: are conditions in which

A

children lag significantly behind their peers.

These delays may be classified as intellectual disabilities or a cognitive disorder

73
Q

Social/emotional development: refers to a person’s ability to

A

experience, regulate, and express emotions, and to communicate and interact with others.

empathy is a key milestone

74
Q

Social/emotional development part 2

It begins at birth when children bond with parents and other adults by understanding

A

emotions for facial expressions and voice patterns

as a children ages maintaining positive relationships with parents and other nutrient caregivers leads to increased social/emotional development

75
Q

Prenatal care: you need to avoid

A

tobacco or alcohol use, taking vitamin substance such as folic acid, follow a healthy diet exercising with the guidance of a physician, avoid exposure to toxic substances, limit caffeine intake, and maintain a healthy weight

76
Q

Poor fetal development can lead to a lifetime of

A

physical, mental, and emotional challenges.

it’s important to detect pregnancy at its earliest stages to begin a medicated supervised prenatal program

77
Q

Intrauterine growth restriction (UIG):

A

Poor parental growth is often referred to as UIG

78
Q

Key indicators of UIG

A

when the developing fetus is not as big as expected given the stage of pregnancy (gestational age)

The typical cause of UIG is a lack of proper nutrition to the developing fetus

79
Q

Key indicators of UIG part 2:

Low birth weight:

A

less than 5.5 lb often tied to prematurity birth before the 37th week of pregnancy, this can lead to trouble eating, difficult gaining weight, and difficult fighting infections

80
Q

Neurodevelopmental challenges: for UIG infants can include

A

reduced responsiveness, delayed bonding with the mother, and lack of Engagement with adult faces.

The vast majority of UIG cases can be prevented by Improvement maternity diet, increased maternity sleep, and avoidance of Alcohol and Other Drugs

80
Q

Healthy relationships qualities:

A

1) mutual respect
2) setting healthy boundaries
3) open communication
4) Trust

81
Q

Characteristics that are important in intimate and family relationships

A

1) equality
2) compatibility
3) shared decision making

82
Q

Characteristics that are important in optimal family function and family

A

1) cohesiveness
2) maintaining romantic relationships
3) accountability
4) support and showing appreciation

83
Q

Unhealthy relationships

A

1) control
2) disrespect
3) level of dependence
4) dishonesty

84
Q

Negative peer pressure: results in

A

in poor health outcomes and it can result in depression, poor self-confidence, increased anxiety and stress

85
Q

Peer relationship:

A

an established interpersonal connection between two individuals who share a developmental (age) or situational identity (school)

86
Q

Positive peer pressure:

A

can encourage healthy behaviors that result in an improved social, mental, and physical well-being outcomes

87
Q

Responding to peer pressure:

A

1) have a ready-to-use strategy,
2) plan ahead and practice
3) refusal skills
4) use of humor to deflect,
5) an excuse to leave the situation
6) change of subject

Always remain calm and unwavering.

88
Q

Group dynamics is a collection of individuals who work

A

independently to accomplish a common goal or outcome. Groups can be primary, meaning small in connection base, secondary, meaning large and objective-based, or reference

group dynamics are more limited and defined.

89
Q

A social support network: refers to

A

individual’s families, friends, and peers who Provide support and guidance

social support networks are boundless and dynamic

90
Q

Listening skills:

A

active listening is a skill that refers to a attentive responsiveness and reflective listening it consists of verbal and nonverbal cues to show engagement and non-judgment(nodding, body language, eye contact, paraphrasing)

91
Q

Discussing problems:

A

constructive problem solving is achieved when issues are discussed early, talked about honestly and productively, can be presented by different perspectives strengthens trust and existing relationships

92
Q

Conflict resolution skills:

A

Are communication strategies that prevent relationship distributes or avoid escalation, clear rooted and healthy and effective communication, empathy, and self-awareness

93
Q

Assertiveness:

A
94
Q

Assertiveness:

A

where an individual firmly and clearly communicates their needs and respectfully advocates for themselves. Most healthiest and most effective form of communication

95
Q

Refusal skills

A

a critical component of resisting peer pressure and preventing risky or hazardous situations

west E health and fitness (2 decks)

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