Health And Economic Development Flashcards
What is health?
What’s the difference between the biomedical paradigm of health and the bio psychosocial paradigm of health
Health according to WHO 1948,is the state of complete physical, spiritual, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of a disease.
The biomedical paradigm of health views health simply as the absence of disease, focusing mainly on biological factors. In contrast, the biopsychosocial paradigm considers other aspects of health, including psychological and social factors, and does not define health solely as the absence of disease.
The biomedical paradigm became dominant before World War II. The biopsychosocial paradigm emerged after World War II, officially proposed by George Engel in 1977.
What are the 4 main factors or determinants of health?(the socio ecological model can help you remember)
INDIVIDUAL -Genetics, Lifestyle, Education, Background characteristics
etc(Background characteristics at the individual level of the Social Ecological Model refer to personal traits such as marital sex,age, sex, education, income, and genetics that influence a person’s health behavior and outcomes)
• INTERPERSONAL - Family Hx of disease, Culture etc., social support netwr ks
• ORGANIZATIONAL& COMM’ NITY - Schools, Health Institutiens etc., culture
• National -Public Policy, laws, economic factors (Trade), social factors (poverty), environmental factors (climate change),
Technology (SEE, social-economic-environmental factors )
Diff between interpersonal level and organizational level :
Interpersonal Level
• Focuses on close relationships like:
• Family
• Friends
• Peers
• Social networks
• These people influence behavior through support, communication, shared beliefs, and norms.
Organizational Level
• Focuses on formal institutions or settings where people interact regularly, such as:
• Schools
• Workplaces
• Churches
• Healthcare facilities
• These organizations influence health through their rules, policies, structures, and programs.
Key difference:
• Interpersonal = relationships with people around you.
• Organizational = institutions and their systems or policies that shape behavior.
So the social ecological model is the same just that instead of National being after organizations, community and then public policies are there.
So individual
Interpersonal
Organizational
Community
Public policies
What is development
What is sustainable development
DEVELOPMENT
• the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.”
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• “Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to provide their needs”
(UN World Commi
ssion on
Environment and Jevelopment,
1987)
Sustainable Development = Today + Tomorrow
“Using what we need today, without spoiling what others will need tomorrow.”
Or using what we have now to fulfill our needs while making sure future generations also have enough to provide their needs
- What is SDG 1?
A. Zero Hunger
B. No Poverty
C. Quality Education
D. Good Health and Well-being- What is the aim of SDG 2?
A. Achieve food security and improved nutrition
B. Promote gender equality
C. Improve sanitation
D. End child labor - SDG 3 focuses on:
A. Gender Equality
B. Quality Education
C. Good Health and Well-being
D. Decent Work - What is SDG 4?
A. Quality Education
B. Clean Water and Sanitation
C. Affordable and Clean Energy
D. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions - SDG 5 aims to:
A. Improve infrastructure
B. Reduce inequality
C. Achieve gender equality
D. Combat climate change - SDG 6 is about:
A. Clean Water and Sanitation
B. Good Health
C. Life Below Water
D. Renewable Energy - What does SDG 7 promote?
A. Clean cities
B. Renewable energy for all
C. Gender rights
D. Healthy oceans - SDG 8 stands for:
A. Good jobs and economic growth
B. Sustainable agriculture
C. Innovation and infrastructure
D. Inclusive education - What is the main focus of SDG 9?
A. End poverty
B. Sustainable cities
C. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
D. Life on land - SDG 10 targets:
A. Gender equality
B. Reducing inequalities within and among countries
C. Education for all
D. Access to clean water - SDG 11 promotes:
A. Sustainable cities and communities
B. Food security
C. Clean oceans
D. Peace and justice - What is the goal of SDG 12?
A. End hunger
B. Responsible consumption and production
C. Improve healthcare
D. Promote clean energy - SDG 13 focuses on:
A. Gender equality
B. Affordable energy
C. Climate Action
D. Decent work - SDG 14 is concerned with:
A. Forest conservation
B. Life Below Water
C. Sustainable agriculture
D. Pollution control - SDG 15 targets:
A. Clean water
B. Marine biodiversity
C. Life on Land (forests, biodiversity, land use)
D. Industrial growth - What does SDG 16 promote?
A. Peace, justice and strong institutions
B. Clean water
C. Zero hunger
D. Urban safety - SDG 17 emphasizes:
A. Access to healthcare
B. Education funding
C. Strengthening global partnerships for sustainable development
D. Gender equality in education
- What is the aim of SDG 2?
- What is SDG 1?
A. Zero Hunger
B. No Poverty
C. Quality Education
D. Good Health and Well-beingAnswer: B. No Poverty - What is the aim of SDG 2?
A. Achieve food security and improved nutrition
B. Promote gender equality
C. Improve sanitation
D. End child laborAnswer: A. Achieve food security and improved nutrition (Zero Hunger) - SDG 3 focuses on:
A. Gender Equality
B. Quality Education
C. Good Health and Well-being
D. Decent WorkAnswer: C. Good Health and Well-being - What is SDG 4?
A. Quality Education
B. Clean Water and Sanitation
C. Affordable and Clean Energy
D. Peace, Justice and Strong InstitutionsAnswer: A. Quality Education - SDG 5 aims to:
A. Improve infrastructure
B. Reduce inequality
C. Achieve gender equality
D. Combat climate changeAnswer: C. Achieve gender equality - SDG 6 is about:
A. Clean Water and Sanitation
B. Good Health
C. Life Below Water
D. Renewable EnergyAnswer: A. Clean Water and Sanitation - What does SDG 7 promote?
A. Clean cities
B. Renewable energy for all
C. Gender rights
D. Healthy oceansAnswer: B. Renewable energy for all (Affordable and Clean Energy) - SDG 8 stands for:
A. Good jobs and economic growth
B. Sustainable agriculture
C. Innovation and infrastructure
D. Inclusive educationAnswer: A. Good jobs and economic growth (Decent Work and Economic Growth) - What is the main focus of SDG 9?
A. End poverty
B. Sustainable cities
C. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
D. Life on landAnswer: C. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure - SDG 10 targets:
A. Gender equality
B. Reducing inequalities within and among countries
C. Education for all
D. Access to clean waterAnswer: B. Reducing inequalities within and among countries - SDG 11 promotes:
A. Sustainable cities and communities
B. Food security
C. Clean oceans
D. Peace and justiceAnswer: A. Sustainable cities and communities - What is the goal of SDG 12?
A. End hunger
B. Responsible consumption and production
C. Improve healthcare
D. Promote clean energyAnswer: B. Responsible consumption and production - SDG 13 focuses on:
A. Gender equality
B. Affordable energy
C. Climate Action
D. Decent workAnswer: C. Climate Action - SDG 14 is concerned with:
A. Forest conservation
B. Life Below Water
C. Sustainable agriculture
D. Pollution controlAnswer: B. Life Below Water - SDG 15 targets:
A. Clean water
B. Marine biodiversity
C. Life on Land (forests, biodiversity, land use)
D. Industrial growthAnswer: C. Life on Land - What does SDG 16 promote?
A. Peace, justice and strong institutions
B. Clean water
C. Zero hunger
D. Urban safetyAnswer: A. Peace, justice and strong institutions - SDG 17 emphasizes:
A. Access to healthcare
B. Education funding
C. Strengthening global partnerships for sustainable development
D. Gender equality in educationAnswer: C. Strengthening global partnerships for sustainable development
MDG Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG 1)?
A. Achieve universal primary education
B. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
C. Improve maternal health
D. Promote gender equality and empower women
2. What is the focus of MDG 2?
A. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
B. Ensure environmental sustainability
C. Achieve universal primary education
D. Develop a global partnership for development
3. MDG 3 aims to:
A. Promote gender equality and empower women
B. Reduce child mortality
C. Improve maternal health
D. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
4. What is the main objective of MDG 4?
A. Combat HIV/AIDS
B. Reduce child mortality
C. Improve access to education
D. Promote sustainable development
5. MDG 5 is about:
A. Improve maternal health
B. Reduce poverty
C. Ensure gender equality
D. Promote global partnerships
6. Which issue does MDG 6 address?
A. Improve infrastructure
B. Eradicate illiteracy
C. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
D. Protect biodiversity
7. MDG 7 focuses on:
A. Achieving full employment
B. Ensuring environmental sustainability
C. Promoting industrial development
D. Improving child education
8. MDG 8 aims to:
A. Reduce hunger
B. Increase agricultural productivity
C. Develop a global partnership for development
D. Ensure equal access to clean water
MDG MCQ Answers
1. What is the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG 1)?
→ B. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. What is the focus of MDG 2?
→ C. Achieve universal primary education
3. MDG 3 aims to:
→ A. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. What is the main objective of MDG 4?
→ B. Reduce child mortality
5. MDG 5 is about:
→ A. Improve maternal health
6. Which issue does MDG 6 address?
→ C. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. MDG 7 focuses on:
→ B. Ensuring environmental sustainability
8. MDG 8 aims to:
→ C. Develop a global partnership for development
State five of each:
Health indicators
Economic indicators
Development indicators
From the slides:
HEALTH INDICATORS
1. MMR – Maternal Mortality Rate
The number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births. 2. U5MR – Under-5 Mortality Rate The number of children who die before reaching age 5, per 1,000 live births. 3. IMR – Infant Mortality Rate The number of babies who die before their first birthday, per 1,000 live births. 4. NMR – Neonatal Mortality Rate The number of newborns who die within the first 28 days of life, per 1,000 live births. 5. Life Expectancy at Birth The average number of years a person is expected to live from birth, based on current health conditions.
J The choice between per 1,000 and per 100,000 depends on how common or rare an event is in the population.
• Per 1,000: Used for more frequent events (e.g., birth rate, fertility rate, infant mortality rate).
• Example: Birth rate = 25 per 1,000 people (because births happen often).
• Per 100,000: Used for rarer events (e.g., disease incidence, cancer mortality, homicide rates).
• Example: Cancer mortality = 50 per 100,000 people (because cancer deaths are less common).
Rule of thumb:
• Common events → per 1,000
• Rare events → per 100,000
This helps make the numbers easier to compare and understand.
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
1. GDP – Gross Domestic Product
The total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year.
2. HDI – Human Development Index A combined measure of a country’s development, including: • Education Index – Based on average years of schooling and expected years of schooling. • Life Expectancy Index – Measures average life span of people. • GNI per capita (PPP) – Average income per person, adjusted for purchasing power. 3. Inflation Rate The rate at which prices of goods and services increase over time, reducing the value of money. 4. Economic Growth Rate The percentage increase in a country’s GDP from one year to the next, showing how fast the economy is expanding.
PPP = Purchasing Power Parity
It is a way of comparing the value of money between countries by looking at what the same amount of money can buy in each country.
Simple definition:
PPP tells us how much you can buy with your money in your country compared to another country.
So, if two people earn the same amount in dollars, the one in a cheaper country (like Ghana) might actually be “richer” in buying power than the one in a more expensive country (like the USA).
Why it’s important in development studies:
It helps compare real living standards and true income levels, not just currency values.
Indicators of Health (How we measure the health status of a population):
1. Life expectancy – Average number of years a person is expected to live. 2. Infant mortality rate – Number of babies who die before age 1 per 1,000 live births. 3. Maternal mortality rate – Number of women who die during pregnancy or childbirth. 4. Child mortality rate – Number of children who die before age 5. 5. Morbidity rate – Rate of illness or disease in a population. 6. Prevalence and incidence of diseases – How many people have or are getting specific diseases. 7. Access to healthcare services – Availability of hospitals, clinics, doctors, etc. 8. Immunization coverage – Percentage of people (especially children) vaccinated. 9. Nutrition status – Levels of malnutrition, stunting, underweight or obesity. 10. Sanitation and clean water access – How many people have clean toilets and safe drinking water.
Indicators of Development (How we measure the progress and well-being of a country):
1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita – Average income per person in a country.
2. Literacy rate – Percentage of people who can read and write.
3. Employment rate – Number of people who have jobs.
4. Poverty rate – Percentage of people living below the poverty line.
5. Access to education – School enrollment and completion rates.
6. Life expectancy – (Used for both health and development).
7. Infrastructure development – Roads, electricity, internet access, etc.
8. Gender equality – Representation of women in work, education, leadership.
9. Human Development Index (HDI) – Combines education, life expectancy, and income.
10. Access to clean water and sanitation – (Used for both health and development).
Quick Trick to Remember:
• Health indicators = Focus on the body (life, death, disease, care)
• Development indicators = Focus on progress (income, education, jobs, equality)
Why is GNI per capita(PPP) preferred to raw GNI in assessing development as an indicator of development
Excellent follow-up!
Here’s the connection between PPP and GNI per capita:
• GNI per capita is the average income per person in a country.
• But if we only use normal exchange rates, it may not reflect the real cost of living in different countries.
That’s why we adjust it using PPP to make it more accurate.
So what is GNI per capita (PPP)?
It is the average income per person, adjusted for what that income can actually buy in the country (cost of living).
Why it matters:
• Without PPP, a country might look poorer or richer than it really is.
• With PPP, we get a fairer comparison of how well people live in different countries.
Simple Example:
• Ghana: GNI per capita = $2,000
• USA: GNI per capita = $60,000
But food, rent, transport, etc., are way cheaper in Ghana. So $2,000 in Ghana might buy more daily needs than it would in the USA. PPP adjusts for this.
So when comparing living standards or development, we prefer GNI per capita (PPP) rather than raw GNI.
There are two main factors or determinants of economic development. They are non economic factors and economic factors. State the factors under each
Economic factors
• Capital formation
• Natural resources
• Marketable surplus of agriculture
• Conditions in foreign trade
• Economic conditions
Non-economic factors
• Human resources
• Technical know-how and general education
• Political freedom
• Social organization
• Corruption
• Desire to develop
GDP has a direct relationship with Maternal mortality rate while it has an inverse relationship with life expectancy
True or false
FALSE.
Great question! You’re linking economic indicators (GDP) with health indicators (MMR, NMR, U5MR, life expectancy) — this is very important in public health and development studies.
Here’s the relationship explained in simple terms:
- GDP and MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate):
• Higher GDP → Lower MMR
• Countries with more money (higher GDP) can spend more on healthcare for pregnant women—better hospitals, trained doctors, antenatal care, etc.
• So, fewer women die during pregnancy or childbirth. - GDP and Life Expectancy:
• Higher GDP → Higher Life Expectancy
• With more economic resources, people can access:
• Good healthcare
• Better nutrition
• Clean water
• Safe housing
• All these help people live longer. - GDP and NMR (Neonatal Mortality Rate):
• Higher GDP → Lower NMR
• A stronger economy means better care for newborns—more NICUs, vaccines, clean delivery services, etc.
• So, fewer newborns die in the first 28 days of life. - GDP and U5MR (Under-5 Mortality Rate):
• Higher GDP → Lower U5MR
• When a country has more money, children get better healthcare, nutrition, and protection from diseases.
• As a result, fewer children die before the age of 5.
So we say there’s an inverse relationship if if the GDP is high, it’ll prevent bad things from happening . Yes — it’s called an inverse (or negative) relationship:
When GDP goes up, mortality rates (like MMR, NMR, U5MR) go down.
So yes — high GDP = fewer deaths, low GDP = more deaths (generally speaking).
You can remember it like this:
“More money, fewer problems (in health).”
So:
• GDP ↑ → Mortality ↓ (inverse)
• GDP ↑ → Life expectancy ↑ (direct relationship)
Explain the definition of a community in relation with geography and in relation with social network
What’s the difference
For geography: the people live together in the same area and share the same way of living, interests, etc
For social network: they don’t necessarily live in the same area but they connected by their profession or their interests, etc
Refers to groups of people who live together in the same area, share the same interests, share the same way of living and/or feel they belong together.
(Geography)
Community may also be referred to: Groups of people who may be physically separated but are connected by other common characteristics, such as profession, interests, age, ethnic origin, a shared health concern, or
Language(Social Network)
- Which of the following best describes a Community of Practice?
A. People who share the same hobby or passion
B. People living within the same geographical location
C. People working in the same profession or performing similar tasks
D. People trying to influence policy change
- A group of sickle cell disease patients who meet regularly at a clinic is an example of a:
A. Community of Practice
B. Community of Action
C. Community of Circumstance
D. Community of Interest
- A group of people who come together to advocate for climate change policies is an example of a:
A. Community of Place
B. Community of Interest
C. Community of Circumstance
D. Community of Action
- Which of the following describes a Community of Interest?
A. People with similar economic backgrounds
B. People who share a common passion or hobby
C. People with similar illnesses
D. People living in the same neighborhood
- People brought together by geographic boundaries such as villages or towns form a:
A. Community of Interest
B. Community of Action
C. Community of Place
D. Community of Circumstance
Perfect! Here are the answers to the MCQs:
- Which of the following best describes a Community of Practice?
✔ C. People working in the same profession or performing similar tasks
- A group of sickle cell disease patients who meet regularly at a clinic is an example of a:
✔ C. Community of Circumstance
- A group of people who come together to advocate for climate change policies is an example of a:
✔ D. Community of Action
- Which of the following describes a Community of Interest?
✔ B. People who share a common passion or hobby
- People brought together by geographic boundaries such as villages or towns form a:
✔ C. Community of Place
TYPES OF COMMUNITIES -1
Community Interest: Communities of people who share the same interest or passion
Community of Action: Communities of people trying to bring about change
Community of Place: Communities of people brought together by geographic boundaries
• community of Practice: Communities of people in the same profession or undertake the same activities.
• community of Circumstance: example is they’re all SCD patients who attend a particular clinic so it’s by circumstances that they formed a community
(IAPPC)
Great follow-up!
Yes — your example of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients who attend a particular clinic is indeed a good and appropriate example of a Community of Circumstance.
Why?
• They didn’t choose to be part of that community based on interest, profession, or location.
• They are brought together by a shared life situation or condition — in this case, a medical condition (SCD).
• That’s what defines a Community of Circumstance — people connected by similar life experiences or situations, such as illness, bereavement, unemployment, etc.
So your example is correct and commonly used in teaching this concept.
Excellent question — and a very thoughtful one!
No, Community of Circumstance is not limited to sad or negative events. It simply refers to people brought together by a shared situation or life experience, whether challenging, neutral, or even positive.
Common examples (some are sad, others are not):
• Patients with a specific illness (e.g., SCD, cancer support groups) — yes, more common, but not the only kind.
• Single parents — not necessarily sad, just a shared life situation.
• Pregnant women attending antenatal classes — a positive life stage, but still a shared circumstance.
• Military veterans — shared life experience, not always sad.
• Refugees or displaced persons — yes, challenging circumstance.
• People affected by a natural disaster — again, challenging, but still valid.
So you’re right to ask — it’s not about “sadness,” it’s about shared circumstances, whatever form they may take.
Another way to classify communities is whether they are urban,sub urban,rural, sub rural.
You can classify them as any of this based on what three important things?
1. Which of the following areas is typically characterized by a high population density and many industrial and commercial activities? A. Rural B. Sub-rural C. Sub-urban D. Urban 2. A residential area just outside a city, with moderate development and access to city amenities, is best classified as: A. Urban B. Rural C. Sub-urban D. Sub-rural 3. Which settlement type serves as a transition zone between sub-urban and rural areas, often with a mix of agricultural and limited commercial activities? A. Urban B. Rural C. Sub-rural D. Sub-urban 4. Which of the following areas is most likely to have farming as the main occupation and a low population density? A. Sub-rural B. Rural C. Sub-urban D. Urban 5. The idea that settlements exist along a smooth progression from urban to rural is known as the: A. Binary Model B. Development Chain C. Continuum View D. Lifestyle Model 6. In which view are settlements classified into only two categories—Urban and Rural—with no in-between stages? A. Continuum View B. Dichotomy View C. Linear View D. Mixed Model 7. Which of the following statements best describes the continuum view of settlement classification? A. All areas are either rural or urban. B. Settlements are placed on a spectrum with gradual change from urban to rural. C. Settlements are grouped by region only. D. All areas are industrial or non-industrial. 8. Which of the following factors is NOT commonly used to classify a settlement as urban, rural, sub-urban, or sub-rural? A. Population size B. Industry presence C. Lifestyle characteristics D. Climate type 9. A region with high industrial activity, fast-paced life, and dense population is most likely: A. Rural B. Sub-rural C. Urban D. Sub-urban 10. Which of the following best describes a rural lifestyle? A. Fast-paced and commercial B. Industrial and high-tech C. Simple, agriculture-based, and traditional D. Semi-industrial and moderate lifestyle
How are these areas defined?
By:
• Population size (how many people live there)
• Industry (factories, businesses)
• Lifestyle (modern vs simple/traditional)
Perfect! Here are the answers to the MCQs provided:
Section A: Urban, Sub-urban, Sub-rural, Rural
1. D. Urban
2. C. Sub-urban
3. C. Sub-rural
4. B. Rural
Section B: Continuum vs Dichotomy
5. C. Continuum View
6. B. Dichotomy View
7. B. Settlements are placed on a spectrum with gradual change from urban to rural
Section C: Defined by Population, Industry, and Lifestyle
8. D. Climate type
9. C. Urban
10. C. Simple, agriculture-based, and traditional
Under population as one of the most important things for use to classify urban or rural areas, state the 9 dimensions involved and use them to decide if a place is rural or urban.
(U can use them to decide if sun urban or sub rural too. So sub urban will have more of urban things with a bit of rural while sub rural will have more of rural with a bit of urban)
1. A population of more than 50,000 people typically classifies an area as: A. Sub-rural B. Rural C. Urban D. Industrial 2. A population of less than 50,000 people is usually used to define: A. An urban area B. A suburban area C. A rural area D. A city center 3. Which of the following economic activities is most common in rural areas? A. Banking and finance B. Agriculture and mining C. Information technology D. Construction 4. Urban areas are typically dominated by: A. Primary sector jobs B. Tertiary and secondary activities C. Informal trading only D. Volunteer activities 5. Most people in urban areas are employed in: A. Fishing and farming B. Construction, administration, and services C. Basket weaving and pottery D. Manual labor only 6. Which of the following occupations is commonly associated with rural areas? A. Software development B. Manufacturing C. Agriculture D. Marketing and sales 7. Education levels in rural areas are generally: A. Higher than national average B. Equal to urban levels C. Lower than national average D. Extremely high in all sectors 8. Urban areas typically have: A. Limited access to education B. High illiteracy rates C. Higher levels of education and better educational facilities D. Only informal education 9. Urban residents generally enjoy: A. Limited service access B. High accessibility to health, transportation, and communication services C. Very few government services D. Lower quality services 10. Rural areas usually face: A. High service availability B. Fast internet and modern transport systems C. Low accessibility to essential services D. No differences in services compared to urban areas 11. Access to information in urban areas is typically: A. Low and irregular B. High due to digital infrastructure C. Dependent on agriculture D. Limited to traditional media only 12. One key challenge of rural areas is: A. Too much digital advertising B. Low access to digital and printed information C. Internet congestion D. Overconsumption of information
(Fertility and Mortality Rates)
13. Which is true about urban areas?
A. High fertility and mortality rates
B. Low fertility and mortality rates
C. Same rates as rural areas
D. Only fertility is high
14. Rural areas are typically characterized by:
A. Declining birth rates
B. Low infant mortality
C. High fertility and mortality rates
D. Very slow population growth
15. Urban areas tend to have: A. Conservative political views only B. Greater representation of liberal and radical ideologies C. No political activity D. Homogeneous political views 16. Which political feature is common in rural areas? A. High activism B. Support for radical change C. Conservative views and resistance to change D. Liberal representation 17. Urban areas are often: A. Ethnically homogeneous B. Dominated by only one tribe C. More ethnically diverse D. Not influenced by ethnicity 18. Rural communities tend to be: A. More multicultural B. More homogeneous in ethnic makeup C. Dominated by tourists D. Politically diverse 19. Urban areas typically experience: A. High net out-migration B. Low immigration C. High net in-migration D. No migration movement 20. Rural areas are more likely to experience: A. Rapid in-migration B. High levels of tourism C. Net out-migration of people seeking jobs or education D. Urbanization within the same zone
Nine Key Dimensions of Population Differences:
1.Economic Activities
2. Occupational Structure
3. Education Levels and Provision
4. Accessibility to Services
5. Accessibility to Information
6. Demography (Fertility and Mortality Rates)
7. Politics (Political Tendencies)
8. Ethnicity
9. Migration Levels
- Population Size
Q1. Which of the following best defines a rural area based on population size?
A. A population above 500,000
B. A population above 50,000
C. A population less than 50,000
D. A population less than 5,000
Answer: C. A population less than 50,000
- Economic Activities
Q2. Which of the following economic activities dominates urban areas?
A. Farming and fishing
B. Forestry and mining
C. Secondary and tertiary activities like manufacturing and services
D. Hunting and gathering
Answer: C. Secondary and tertiary activities like manufacturing and services
- Occupational Structure
Q3. What type of occupational structure is most commonly found in rural areas?
A. Service sector jobs
B. Administrative work
C. Agriculture and other primary industry jobs
D. IT and software development
Answer: C. Agriculture and other primary industry jobs
- Education Levels and Provision
Q4. Which area typically has higher levels of educational provision?
A. Rural areas
B. Urban areas
C. Sub-rural areas
D. Sub-urban areas
Answer: B. Urban areas
- Accessibility to Services
Q5. Which area usually has better access to services like hospitals, banks, and internet?
A. Rural areas
B. Urban areas
C. Forest reserves
D. Sub-rural areas
Answer: B. Urban areas
- Accessibility to Information
Q6. Access to newspapers, TV, radio, and internet is higher in which of these areas?
A. Rural
B. Urban
C. Mountain villages
D. Sub-rural
Answer: B. Urban
- Demography (Fertility and Mortality Rates)
Q7. What describes the demographic pattern in most rural areas?
A. Low fertility and low mortality rates
B. High fertility and high mortality rates
C. Low fertility and high mortality rates
D. High fertility and low mortality rates
Answer: B. High fertility and high mortality rates but for urban, it’s low fertility and low mortality
- Politics (Political Tendencies)
Q8. Urban areas are more likely to have what kind of political representation?
A. Conservative and resistant to change
B. Apolitical
C. Liberal and radical elements
D. Monarchial tendencies
Answer: C. Liberal and radical elements
- Ethnicity
Q9. Which area tends to be more ethnically homogeneous?
A. Urban areas
B. Coastal areas
C. Rural areas
D. Sub-urban areas
Answer: C. Rural areas(but they’re varied in urban areas)
- Migration Levels
Q10. Which of the following statements is TRUE about migration in rural areas?
A. Rural areas have high net in-migration
B. Rural areas experience low net migration
C. Rural areas usually experience net out-migration
D. People tend to move from cities to rural areas
Answer: C. Rural areas usually experience net out-migration
What is community entry?
It involves what two main principles
It’s not just entering the community. That part is only the initiating part of community entry.
Process of initiating, nurturing and sustaining a desirable relationship with the purpose of securing and sustaining the
community’s interest in all aspects of a programme.
Involves recognizing the
community, its leadership
and people and adopting the
most appropriate process in
meeting, interacting and
working with them
Involves principles and techniques of community mobilisation and participation.
State four preparations you must make before entering into a community
State five ways to collect informal info about the community
Preparations before entry into a community
1. form a reconnaissance team which is a team which
spy
2. read about the community (read annual report from the DHMT, District Assembly or special report, disease durance report, news papers health journals)
3. collect informal information about the community (this is done through interview with individuals, through focus groups discussion, through mapping, contact opinion leaders, through house to house census)
4. transect walk and observation: A transect walk is a method used in community assessment or environmental studies where a team walks through a community or area along a specific path (called a transect) to observe and record different features of the environment and community life. Purpose: To understand how things (like resources, land use, housing, water sources, sanitation, etc.) are distributed across different parts of the area.
• Method: You move systematically through the area, often with local people guiding and explaining what you see.
• Outcome: You usually create a transect diagram, which is a visual map showing the findings across the area.
Think of it like “walking through a village from one end to another while taking notes.”
Observation:
Observation is a method of collecting information by watching people, activities, or environments without asking questions or interfering.
• Types:
• Participant observation: The observer is part of the group.
• Non-participant observation: The observer watches from outside.
• Purpose: To gather real-life, first-hand data about behaviors, practices, interactions, facilities, or environment.
What’s the difference between a transect walk and community mapping?
Excellent follow-up!
You’re right — transect walk, observation, and community mapping are all participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools, and they are closely related. But here’s how they differ in purpose and approach:
- Transect Walk vs Community Mapping:
Feature Transect Walk Community Mapping
What it is? A guided walk through the community along a path | A drawing or visual representation of the community
How it’s done? Physical walk with community members to observe resources, land use, etc. | Group discussion where community members draw a map on paper or ground
Purpose ?To observe and learn how things (resources, challenges, facilities) are distributed across space
| To visualize and understand the layout of the community—roads, landmarks, facilities, danger zones, etc.
Data gathered? Real-time observations (who lives where, what challenges are visible, land type)
| Collective knowledge and perception of the community layout
Output ? Transect diagram (a side-view or linear representation) | Community map (top view layout)
Simple example:
• In a transect walk, you walk from the market to the river, observing poor drainage and waste along the way.
• In community mapping, you draw a map showing the market, the river, the clinics, houses, roads, etc., based on group input.
- Observation:
Unlike the above two, observation is more individual or researcher-led. You’re quietly noting behavior, conditions, or practices (like handwashing habits or how people interact at a water source), without necessarily involving the community directly in planning or drawing anything.
In summary:
• Community Mapping = Visual drawing by the people.
• Transect Walk = Guided walk with community input.
• Observation = Quietly watching to gather firsthand data.
You’re absolutely right — you do draw something in a transect walk too!
Here’s the clarification:
Yes, you draw a diagram — but it’s different from a community map.
• In a Transect Walk, the drawing is called a Transect Diagram.
• It’s a side-view or linear cross-section that shows what you observed along the path — like the types of houses, land use, crops, water sources, problems (e.g., erosion), etc.
Difference in Drawing Style:
Type Community Mapping Transect Diagram (from Transect Walk)
View Top view (like a bird’s eye view) Side view or a cross-sectional line from one end to the other
Focus Layout of the community: roads, buildings, landmarks, etc. Changes in land use, terrain, resources, issues along a path
Example Drawing the whole community showing where the school, hospital, mosque, and market are A line showing changes: e.g., forest → farms → houses → swamp, with notes along the line
So yes — Transect Walk = you draw + you walk + you observe.
Community mapping = you gather people + they draw from memory/perception.
State six community catalysts or Interest groups and personalities in the community
who can serve as contact persons
Interest groups and personalities in the community
who can serve as contact persons
• Prominent head of families
•Heads of schools/teachers
• Religious leaders/catechists
• District assembly
members
• Unity commitee members
• Youth leaders
•Wo m e n group leaders
• ehT water a n d sanitation committee
• D i s e a s e surveillance volunteers
• health workers
HOW DO WE INITIATE COMMUNITY ENTRY
HOW DO WE INITIATE COMMUNITY ENTRY
• Start off with a transparent community selection
process and share results
• Map community priorities and identify community leaders through community assessments
• Hold preliminary meetings with community leaders and enlist their support to mobilize community
• Hold community assembly meetings to elect local representation to coordinate program activities
• Alow communities to prioritize and select quick impact projects
to solidify support and galvanize local participation
What is community mobilization
COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION
*“A capacity building process through which community members, groups,
organizations plan, carry out activities, monitor and evaluate in a participatory
and sustained basis to improve their heath and other conditions, either on their own initiatives or stimulated by others
The nurturing aspect of community entry is community mobilization. In community mobilization, you are empowering the people via capacity building
State the six steps or features of community mobilization
• Defining the problem or perform a needs assessment
• Establishing a community
mobilisation group
• Designing strategies, setting objectives
and selecting target groups or prioritize based on your needs assessment
• Developing an action plan with a timeline
• Building capacity
• Identifying partners
Explain the community action cycle
Note: Summary:
• Preparations = internal planning and research (before going)
• Initiating entry = first actual engagement with the community (when you go)
Sure! Here’s a simple and memorable explanation of the Community Action Cycle (CAC):
Community Action Cycle (CAC)
The Community Action Cycle is a step-by-step approach that helps communities identify problems, plan solutions, and take action together to improve their lives.
Steps in the Community Action Cycle:
1. Prepare to Mobilize
• Build your team.
• Understand the community.
• Make preparations for engagement.
2. Organize the Community for Action
• Meet community members.
• Gain their trust and interest.
• Involve leaders and key groups.
3. Explore Health and Community Issues
• Discuss the real problems affecting the community.
• Identify root causes through dialogue and tools like transect walks, community mapping, etc.
4. Plan Together
• Decide what actions to take.
• Set goals, timelines, and roles.
• Develop an action plan with the community.
5. Act Together
• Implement the plan.
• Everyone contributes—resources, labor, knowledge, etc.
6. Evaluate Together
• Review what was done.
• Assess what worked and what didn’t.
• Learn from experience and improve.
7. Prepare to Scale Up (Optional/Advanced)
• Expand the action to more areas or new issues.
• Sustain the progress made.
Easy way to remember:
Prepare → Organize → Explore → Plan → Act → Evaluate → Scale Up
Would you like a diagram or visual summary of this cycle?
You can look at where the arrows are pointing in the slide.
Cuz another arrow points from evaluation to organize community for action: Evaluation makes goh learn new lessons from the program in session and this leads to new action → You reorganize the community → You start a new cycle of planning and action.
Perfect! That second arrow — from “Scale Up” to “Prepare to Mobilize” — also reinforces the idea that the Community Action Cycle is ongoing and adaptable.
Why does the arrow go from “Scale Up” to “Prepare to Mobilize”?
After successfully scaling up:
• You may want to start the whole process in a new area or with a new community.
• Or you might want to mobilize again with stronger structures, more resources, or wider community engagement.
So once you’ve scaled up, you don’t stop — you go back to the beginning but now with more experience, better strategies, and often more support.
In short:
• Evaluation → back to Organizing: To improve the current situation or correct mistakes.
• Scale Up → back to Preparing to Mobilize: To replicate success in a new place or start a fresh phase of action.
What are the pillars of community mobilization
PILLARS OF COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION
1. DIALOGUE
2. CAPACITY BUILDING
.3. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
4. TRANSPARENCY AND ACOUNTABLITIY
5. SUSTAINABILITY
Dialogue and capacity buildinf as a pillar of community mobilization
DIALOGUE
*Community mobilization establishes dialogue amongst all stakeholders (individuals and institutions)
* Dialogue creates open communication which is important for building confidence and trustni t’he development process
* Community members feel more committed to there is open development process when there is open dialogue
CAPACITY BUILDING Involves the following:
X Increasing the ability of the beneficiaries and other partners to undertake the activity on their own with little assistance in the future
* integrating knowledge and skils transfer ni such a maner that by being involved in the proces, the community is empowered to subsequently undertake the activity or other related activities on their own
Involves the following:
* Increasing the ability of the beneficiaries and other partners to undertake the activity on their own with little assistance in the future
X integrating knowledge and skils transfer in such a manner that by being involved in the proces, the c ommunity is empowered to subsequently
undertake the activity or other related activities on their o w n
x Identifying and developing leaders from the community as part of this process
Explain Social responsibility as a pillar of community mobilization
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
*
There are people who for no fault of theirs have been sidelined in the development process. *These people have been disadvantaged socially, economically and politically over the years.
y Community mobilization should build social support systems especially for disadvantaged families and groups(marginalized) in the community to bring them back into the mainstream society.
