Health and disease Flashcards
What is the equation for incidence rate of a disease
Incidence rate = events / (people X time)
What are the units for incidence rate of a disease
Number of events, per person, per year
What is the incidence rate of a disease
It is the new events of a particular disease
What is prevalence of a disease
It is a measure of the existing cases of a disease.
What is the equation relating prevalence to incidence of a disease
Prevalence = incidence rate X length of disease
What is the incidence rate ratio
It compares the incidence rate of disease between two groups which can be useful in identifying the aetiology of a disease or the efficacy of a treatment.
What is the incidence rate ratio equation
Incidence rate ratio = observed rate in exposed group / observed rate in unexposed group. 1 = no difference between the two groups
What is a confounding factor
Is a type of systematic variation that independently act on both the exposure and the outcome of a disease
What is the standardised mortality ratio and what is it useful for
It is a ratio of mortality rate where age and sex confounding factors are removed, by comparing the observed / to the expected of the same age and sex bracket. The figure is usually multiplied by 100, where 100 represents parity between the two groups
What is doctor foster
A hospital guide for potential patients
What three things should be considered when making a target
Appropriateness of measure
Suitability of target level
Consequential effects
What is a census
A measure of the population through the simultaneous recording of demographic data by the government of a particular time, to a group of persons who live in a particular geography
Characteristics of a census
Run by government, defined area, simultaneous, universal, regular intervals
What does a census reveal
The population size, structure and characteristics
What are the 3 factors that affect the population size
Births, deaths, migration
What is the crude birth rate CBR and when is it used
Number of live births per 1000, to describe the impact of births on population size as compared to migration and deaths
What is the general fertility rate GFR
Number of live births per 1000 of the female population in the 15-44 year bracket. Used to compare fertility rates of women in different populations
What is the advantage of the general fertility rate over the crude fertility rate
The GFR only applies to the section of the population capable of giving birth
What is the total period fertility rate TPFR?
It is the sum of the fertility rate of women at each year of their fertile age.
What is the advantage of the TPFR
The TPFR averages the fertility rate over a lifetime, without being influenced by the number of women in each age group. Providing a value of the hypothetical number of children a woman would have. It is not influenced by the number of people at each age range. For example, excess hold people, with a lower overall birth rate, would skew the GFR
What is fecundity
The physical ability to reproduce
What is fertility
The realisation of the potential to reproduce
What are conceptions
The total number of births, miscarriages and abortions
What birth records are compulsory
Birth notification within 36 hours of birth, birth registration within 42 days