Health Flashcards
1
Q
Cultural Evolution - def? driven by?
A
- the adaptive change of a culture to recurrent environmental pressures.
- primarily by psychological forces
2
Q
Recent Cultural changes
A
- hunting
- processed food
- Availability of food
- drugs
- transportation
- non foods
3
Q
Differences in culture and Coping with health problems?
A
- Individualistic vs. collectivist culture view health/getting help in different ways
- Individualistic - easier for us to go to a therapist,
- Collectivist – harder to go to a therapist because of negative stigma th
- Immigrants from Asia less likely to seek help when ill than immigrants from say, Europe
4
Q
Why Study Sexual Behaviour? (3)
A
- Psychological well-being - necessary to be a happy, content adult
- major component in a lot of social problems
- a form of behaviour
5
Q
What is Health?
A
- NOT just the absence of illness, not the “default”
- state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
6
Q
Health Psychology?
A
- branch of psychology devoted to understanding the way people stay healthy, the reasons they become ill and the way they respond to getting ill
- how psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and maintenance of health
7
Q
Two models of Health?
A
- biomedical model
- biopsychosocial model
8
Q
Biomedical model
A
- old model, not interested in this
- Up to mid-20th century, where health is defined as absence of illness
9
Q
Biopsychosocial Model - what? emphasizes? health not just? unit of analysis?
A
- new one, what we are interested in
- Emphasizes the role that social and cultural forces play
- Health is not just something physiological – it is social, cultural, psychological
- individual used to be the unit of analysis (biomedical) but now recognized that there are subgroups and some groups are more vulnerable than others
10
Q
Biopsychosocial - advantages?
A
- thinking about health in terms of groups instead of individuals
- we can target a larger group of people at the same time and tailor our treatment towards a specific group
- Some groups are treated differently: for example, old people less priority
11
Q
Prevalence of diseases - anorexia, hikihomori?
A
- Anorexia not a problem in developing countries
- Hikihomori: specific to Japan, acute social withdrawal
12
Q
Some statistics about smoking
A
- # 1 preventable cause of death in Canada
- Cause of approx. 1/4 all deaths (35-84 y.o.)
- Approx. 21.8% Canadians 12 or older smoke (2005)
- Lung cancer: 20% all cancer deaths – largest proportion of any cancer we have
- 1/2 smokers die prematurely from smoking-related diseases: lung/mouth/throat cancer, heart disease, emphysema
- smoking causes 80% of lung cancers
13
Q
Groups at risk for smoking - gender
A
- traditionally, men smoked more than women, but now women are catching up
- Advertising in ~60’s: smoking + women – should smoke like men to be independent, etc
- Breast cancer rates going down, lung cancer doubled in women
- 16% young men and 19% young women smoke (15 – 19 years old)
14
Q
Smoking risk groups - SES - income? education? job prestige?
A
- Income: more money = less likely
- more education = less likely
- Better job = less likely to smoke
- 40% in lowest bracket and 15% in highest bracket smoke
15
Q
Groups at Risk - aboriginals?
A
- On-reserve aboriginals: 60% smoke
- Inuit: 53.1% (in Nunavuit)
16
Q
College students and smoking - %? who? why? quitting?
A
- 30 – 40% smoke - while percentage of general population is going down, it is going up in college
- all faculties, all demographics, all majors – even those in health care fields
- social aspect
- don’t identify themselves as smokers
17
Q
Normal can mean - ethical, societal, statistica?
A
- Ethical/moral aka right or wrong: as psychologist, we’re interested in describing behaviour not what is right or wrong
- Societal: conformity – not interested
- Statistical: what psychologists are interested in – the statistical norm – what do MOST people do MOST of the time aka what is common
18
Q
Sex Statistics - how many will get STD? # partners? no sex? #times/year? homosexual?
A
- Approx. 1 in 5 (18-59) have/will get a STD
- Mean # partners since age 18: 6.3 (18-29)
- 15.7% people did not have sex in last year
- Mean # times/year: 66.4 (M) & 57.2 (W)
- 1% identify as homosexual
19
Q
Finkelstein & Brannick (1997) and condom use
A
- Length of relationship: longer a couple is in a relationship, less likely to use a condom
- Awareness of prior sexual behaviour: more aware = less likely
- Drinking: more you drink = less likely
- Expectation: expectation that there will be sex = more likely
- Availability of condoms: more availability = more likely
20
Q
One sex survey - aids? paying for sex?
A
- only 7% of people changed their behaviour because of AIDS
- 13% men admitted to pay for sex
- 12% married men admit to paying for sex
21
Q
McKay 1993 and sex?
A
- Abstinence & short periods: works for short periods of time
- Abstinence & long periods: doesn’t work
22
Q
Illusion of unique invulnerability
A
- Why doesn’t awareness translate into avoidance
- Systematic bias or risk takers toward believing that they are less likely to fall victim to the problem than are others
- “it won’t happen to me”
23
Q
Why do people start smoking?
A
- Peer influence:
- Media’s image of the smoker -John Pierce surveyed kids, one third chose fav movie wtar who smokes onscreen, predicts which of these kids took up smoking, even stronger for women
- Advertising
24
Q
Health Consequences of smoking
A
- Increased risk of: premature death, cardiovascular disease, emphysema, pneumonia, gum disease, osteoporosis, cataracts and sleeping problems
- Cancers: lung (most common), lip, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, urinary bladder, and kidney
25
Q
Four categories of smokers
A
Positive affect, Negative affect, habitual smokers, addicted smokers
26
Q
Positive affect smokers
A
- smoke in order to be happy
- cigarette to celebrate
27
Q
Negative-affect smokers
A
- smoke to alleviate bad feelings, smoke to reduce anxiety
- not to make themselves happy, but to bring themselves back to normal level
28
Q
Habitual Smokers
A
- started as one or two, but has smoked so long they forgot why
- no real awareness why, just a habit
29
Q
Addicted smokers
A
- psychological dependency on smoking
- keenly aware of when they are not smoking, can tell exactly when their last cigarette was and when they will have their next smoke
- keeps cigarettes with them at all times,
- deems the first smoke of the day to be the most pleasurable - will have their first within 30 minutes of waking up
30
Q
Groups at risk for alcohol - gender and SES and aboriginals?
A
- men are more likely to drink – and more likely to drink more (binge drink)
- Income: positive correlation with income – more rich = more likely to drink
- No correlation with education or with where you live
- Aboriginals: 6x more likely to develop problem drinking behaviours
31
Q
Why do people start smoking?
A
- peers
- increase arousal - celebration, happiness
- reducing anxiety, steady nerves
32
Q
Short term Health consequences of alcochol
A
- First place it affects is frontal lobe
- Alcohol Myopia: decreased ability to engage in insightful cognitive processing - impairs thinking
- Hangovers, vomiting, black outs
33
Q
Long Term consequences of alcohol
A
- Damage to liver, stomach, pancreas, intestines, high blood pressure, depression of immune system
- Cancer of: throat, mouth, esophagus & liver
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder if pregnant
- 6 000 deaths associated with alcohol every year in Canada – spousal or child abuse
