Health

Question 1

two theories of health behaviour

Answer 1

theory of planned behaviour (TPB)

protection motivation theory (PMT)

Question 2

According to Theory of planned behaviour, what is the most important factor that predicts our behaviour?

Answer 2

Our INTENTION to engage in a particular behaviour.

Question 3

Three factors that affect whether we form a particular intention to behave in a specific way

Answer 3

1. attitude- evaluate the behaviour as positive or negative
2. subjective norms- our perception of whether those around us (family/friends) would like us to engage in the behaviour.
3. perceived behavioural control- how easy or difficult we think it will be to engage in that behaviour.

Question 4

What did Norman and Conner (2006) find in relation to theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 4

That attitude, self-efficacy and perceived control negatively predicted binge-drinking intentions, which predicted binge-drinking behaviour one week later.

Question 5

A limitation of theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 5

it does not take into account past behaviour. this is problematic because the past behaviour is typically the strongest predictor of behavioural intentions and behaviour itself.

Question 6

What does protection motivation theory (PMT) state?

Answer 6

that when we encounter a potential threat to our health (e.g. smoking cigarettes) we engage in two cognitive processes: threat appraisal and coping appraisal.

Question 7

what are the two cognitive processes of protection motivation theory when a threat is encountered?

Answer 7

threat appraisal and coping appraisal

Question 8

What is threat appraisal?

Answer 8

making a calculation about how severe a threat is and ones vulnerability to that threat.

Question 9

What is coping appraisal?

Answer 9

evaluating the effectiveness of a corrective course of action (e.g. giving up smoking) and considering one’s personal self-efficacy regarding this course of action.

Question 10

what behaviours has protection motivation theory been applied to?

Answer 10

Exercising
smoking
safe sex

Question 11

What does research suggest about coping behaviour and self-efficacy?

Answer 11

that it is a stronger predictor of protection motivation than threat appraisal.

Question 12

Two limitations of both PMT and TPB?

Answer 12

1. they do not directly show us how we can change people’s behaviour.
2. both theories argue that intentions are the key determinant of behaviour, however intentions do not always translate into behaviour.

Question 13

What is TTM?

Answer 13

The Transtheoretical Model

Question 14

What is PMT?

Answer 14

Protection motivation model

Question 15

What is TPB

Answer 15

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Question 16

What does the transtheoretical model suggest?

Answer 16

That there are five stages we must go through in order to change behaviour successfully.

Question 17

What are the five stages of the transtheoretical model?

Answer 17

1. precontemplation
2. contemplation
3. preparation
4. action
5. maintenance

Question 18

The transtheoretical model suggests a successful transition between stages is influenced by two factors, what are these?

Answer 18

self-efficacy and decisional balance

Question 19

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 19

belief that one can achieve behaviour change

Question 20

What is decisional balance?

Answer 20

weighing up the pros and cons of the negative health behaviour

Question 21

when will behaviour change be achieved?

Answer 21

Only if someone is confident they can achieve change and believes that the negatives will outweigh the positives.

Question 22

What is another way one can employ to change health behaviours?

Answer 22

implementation intentions

Question 23

Why may we fail to perform intended behaviour?

Answer 23

1. we lead busy lives and have many competing demands on our time
2. we may struggle to find a good time to act on the intention

Question 24

What did Gollwitzer (1990) argue in order to bridge the gap between intentions and behaviour?

Answer 24

people should form a plan regarding when and where they will engage in the intended behaviour, in the form of an if-then statement.

Question 25

What does an implementation intention involve?

Answer 25

identifying an opportune time and place to act, it is less likely that the behaviour will be forgotten, and more likely that the opportunity to engage in the behaviour will be seized.

Question 26

In 2009, how many people died from AIDS?

Answer 26

1.8 million

Question 27

In 2009, how many people were living with HIV?

Answer 27

33.3 million

Question 28

What is the percentage of decrease in new infections of HIV and AIDS between 2001 and 2009?

Answer 28

16%

Question 29

What did UN AIDS Global Report suggest was the most important factor accounting for decline in new HIV infections?

Answer 29

Behavioural change

Question 30

What interventions have been put in place to decrease new HIV infections?

Answer 30

1. Promoting safer sexual behaviour in young people 2.increased condom use
2. delay in first sexual experience
3. reduction in number of sexual partners.

Question 31

HIV and AIDS are also social problems, why?

Answer 31

there are few portrayals in the media of safe-sex role models. This is a lack of a clear model of behaviour reflected in social psychology research on modelling (Bandura)

Question 32

How does Bandura’s social learning theory link to the potential decrease in HIV

Answer 32

the idea that people are more likely to engage in a particular behaviour if they have seen a model of that behaviour being undertaken by somebody else (raising issue of safe sex, modelling behaviour, using condom, could cause positive impact, reducing STD infection rates)