Health

Question 1

What are the 4 steps to skill acquisition?

Answer 1

Unconsciously unskilled
Consciously unskilled
Consciously skilled
Unconsciously skilled

Question 2

What are the steps to change readiness?

Answer 2

Pre-contemplation stage
Contemplation stage
Preparation stage
Maintenance stage
Relapse stage

Question 3

What is the nursing process in health promotion and prevention?

Answer 3

Assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation

Question 4

What are the steps of the Gibbs Reflective Cycle?

Answer 4

Description
Feelings
Evaluation
Analysis
Conclusion
Action plan

Question 5

What is the role of WHO?

Answer 5

Applies the principles of and strategies for health promotion.
Promote to a variety of population groups, risk factors and diseases in various settings.

Question 6

Health promotion, education, community development, policy, legislation and regulation are equally valid for prevention of …

Answer 6

Communicable diseases

Non-communicable diseases (injury, violence, mental problems)

Question 7

What is primary prevention?

Answer 7

To avoid occurrence of disease (population based) eg. immunisations.

Question 8

What is secondary prevention?

Answer 8

To diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before morbidity occurs eg. chemotherapy.

Question 9

What is tertiary prevention?

Answer 9

To reduce negative impact of existent disease by restoring function and reducing disease related complications eg. diabetes.

Question 10

What is quaternary prevention?

Answer 10

To mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system.

Question 11

What is universal prevention?

Answer 11

Involves whole population (nation, school, local community).
All individuals (without screening) are provided with skills and info to prevent illness.

Question 12

What is selective prevention?

Answer 12

Involves groups whose risk of developing health issues are above average.
Cohorts may be identified by traits eg. SES, gender, age
Eg. Angelina Jolie mastectomy.

Question 13

What is indicated prevention?

Answer 13

Involves screening to identify individuals exhibiting early signs of illness eg. bowel cancer kit.

Question 14

What are the Adult Literacy and Life Skills (ALLS) for?

Answer 14

Designed to identify and measure literacy which can be linked to social and economic characteristics of people (within and between countries).
Levels 1 - 5

Question 15

What are the 4 domains of ALLS?

Answer 15

Prose - to understand and use information from a variety of narrative texts.
Document - locate and use information contained in various formats.
Numeracy - to mange and respond to mathematical demands.
Problem solving - goal orientated thinking and action in situations where no routine solution is available.

Question 16

What is the minimum ALLS level required to meet demands of everyday life & work?

Answer 16

Level 3
Majority of people do not meet the minimum and are therefore unable to access adequate health information (60% at level 3).

Question 17

What is health literacy?

Answer 17

The knowledge and skills required to understand and use information related to health issues
Eg. first aid, alcohol, drugs, staying healthy, disease prevention and treatment, safety and accident prevention.

Question 18

How is health literacy conceptualised?

Answer 18

Asset - to nurture effective engagement between people and health care professionals/health care system, to improve self management of health conditions, broader community setting.
Risk Factor - identify deficits in functional literacy, addressed through health education strategies, clinical setting.

Question 19

What are the 10 determinants of social health?

Answer 19

The social gradient
Transport
Work
Social support
Addiction
Stress
Early life
Social exclusion
Food security
Unemployment

Question 20

What is the social gradient?

Answer 20

People lower on the social ladder are twice as likely to experience serious illness and premature death than people at the top of the ladder.

Question 21

What are the social determinants of health influenced by?

Answer 21

Conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work age.
Shaped by distribution of money, power, resources.
Can exist at multiple levels, be cumulative, be causal/protective.
Are responsible for health inequities.

Question 22

What is the Alma Ata definition of health?

Answer 22

State of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease.

Question 23

What is the Ottawa Charter (WHO) definition of health?

Answer 23

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health …
A positive concept emphasising social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities.
Seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living.

Question 24

What is the biomedical model of health?

Answer 24

Focuses on risk behaviours and healthy lifestyles.
Emphasises health education – changing knowledge, attitudes and skills.
Focuses on individual responsibility.
Treats people in isolation of their environments.

Question 25

What is the contemporary social model of health?

Answer 25

Addresses the broader determinants of health.
Involves inter-sectoral collaboration.
Acts to reduce social inequities.
Empowers individuals and communities.
Acts to enable access to health care.