HEALTH

Question 1

health and wellbeing

Answer 1

Health and Wellbeing - Refers to the overall state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual being and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Question 2

physical health and wellbeing

Answer 2

Physical health relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

strong immune system
freedom from illness disease and injury
healthy body weight
adequate energy levels

Question 3

social health and wellbeing

Answer 3

Social health relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

supportive network of friends
effective communication with others

Question 4

emotional health and well being

Answer 4

Emotional health relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way. Emotional health is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience

have a high level of resilience
effectivly respond to and manage emotions

Question 5

mental health and wellbeing

Answer 5

Mental health is the current state of well-being relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic.

positive self esteem
positive thought patterns
high levels of confidence
low levels of stress and anxiety

Question 6

spiritual health and wellbeing

Answer 6

Spiritual health is not material in nature, but relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics. Spiritual health includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.

acting acoording to values and beleifs
positive meaning and purpose in life
peace and harmony
a sense of belonging

Question 7

health status

Answer 7

An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors

Question 8

self assessed health status

Answer 8

A measure based on a person’s own opinion about how they feel about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general.

Question 9

life expectancy

Answer 9

An indication of how long a person can expect to live, if death rates do not change

Question 10

hale

Answer 10

health adjusted life expectancy

It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality

Question 11

mortality

Answer 11

Refers to deaths, particularly at a group or population level

Question 12

infant mortality

Answer 12

Measures the rate of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births

Question 13

under 5 mortality rate

Answer 13

Measures the number of children that die before their fifth birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births

Question 14

maternal mortality ratio

Answer 14

The number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000 live births

Question 15

morbidity

Answer 15

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group

Question 16

incidence

Answer 16

The number or rate of new cases of a disease during a specified time; usually a 12 month period

Question 17

prevalence

Answer 17

The number of proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time

Question 18

burden of disease

Answer 18

A measure of the impact of disease and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation to where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY (VCAA)

Question 19

DALY

Answer 19

disability adjusted life year

A measure of burden of disease. One DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury (VCAA)

Question 20

yll

Answer 20

years life lost

A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death
Fatal component

Question 21

YLD

Answer 21

years lost due to disability

A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness, injury or disability
Non-fatal component

Question 22

benefits of physical activity include

Answer 22

Decreased risk of Cardiovascular disease

Improved posture and body conditioning

Reduced body fat

Improved self-concept, body image and self-esteem

Improved mental wellbeing through reduction of stress and anxiety

Question 23

dimensions of australia physical activity

Answer 23

Frequency – how many times each week?

Intensity – at what intensity is the activity being performed?

Time – how long is the activity per session, day or week?

Type – what form does the activity take? Gardening, walking dog, netball, work, vacuuming etc…

Question 24

physical activity guidlines

Answer 24

Physical Activity Guidelines
For health benefits, young people aged 13–17 years should accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity every day.

Young peoples’ physical activity should include a variety of aerobic activities, including some vigorous intensity activity.

On at least three days per week, young people should engage in activities that strengthen muscle and bone.

To achieve additional health benefits, young people should engage in more activity – up to several hours per day.

Question 25

sedentary behavioural guidlines

Answer 25

Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines To reduce health risks, young people aged 13–17 years should minimise the time they spend being sedentary every day. To achieve this: Limit use of electronic media for entertainment (e.g. television, seated electronic games and computer use) to no more than two hours a day – lower levels are associated with reduced health risks. Break up long periods of sitting as often as possible.

Question 26

barriers to participate in physical activity

Answer 26

Income or the cost of the activity Geographical location Climate Lack of fun and enjoyment in the activity Lack of time Injury Lack of encouragement and support Low self-efficacy Poor coaching or equipment

Question 27

three factors

Answer 27

social economical cultural

Question 28

modifiable factors

Answer 28

Modifiable factors are factors that we can have control over

Question 29

non modifiable factors

Answer 29

Non-Modifiable factors are those of which we have little to no control over

Question 30

social factors

Answer 30

Social Support Networks - Access to range of trusted people is associated with better health. Peers/Friends - Having strong peer/friendship groups can increase levels of belonging. Reduces likelihood of loneliness, isolation and depression

Question 31

cultural factors

Answer 31

Culture and Religion - Customs, traditions and beliefs can determine activities that they participate in, foods and drinks that they consume. Media - The media we consume can influence our health behaviours, including decisions around foods we eat and items that we value and purchase

Question 32

economic

Answer 32

Education - Good health is linked with higher education levels, less stress and higher self-confidence Employment - People with access to a secure job are more likely to have better health outcomes Income - Higher incomes are linked to better health. Through access to healthier foods, safer housing and health services

Question 33

who is marginalised groups

Answer 33

Marginalised groups are people or groups of people, who are pushed to the fringes of society by other in the community, and those who are different from the perceived ‘norm

Question 34

examples of marginalised groups

Answer 34

Examples of marginalised groups are: First Nations Australians Cultural/Ethnic Groups LGBTQIA+ people People living in poverty People with a disability

Question 36

health outcomes ofor marginalised groups

Answer 36

When compared to non-marginalised Poorer physical and mental health and wellbeing More like to have chronic health problems Have smaller social networks and fewer people they can rely on More likely to receive income support and rely on this support for most of their income.

Question 37

ways to support marginalised groups

Answer 37

Cultural sensitivity training within workplaces Providing important health information in multiple languages Advocating for the improvement of housing Volunteering for community organisations, such as Meals on Wheels Donating through official charities, such as St. Vincent De Paul’s Educating yourself on the history of these groups and the challenges they face

Question 38

what is sustainability

Answer 38

Sustainable – an action that can continue over a long period of time, and cause little damage to the environment

Question 39

healthy, active and sustainable lifestyles

Answer 39

Many of us are unaware of how our lifestyle choices are impacting the natural systems that maintain our lives. Small, easy changes to our current lifestyle can have positive effects on both the environment and the health and wellbeing of the community. 13 million annual deaths and ¼ of all disease (e.g. Asthma and CVD) are due to environmental causes that could be avoided or prevented (WHO).

Question 40

sustaiinable eating

Answer 40

Eating a more sustainable diet requires you to think about what is local to your area, what can be grown in Australia and what is in season. In season produce is fresher, cheaper and more sustainable Cutting down meat consumption can make your diet much more sustainable. 2015 study found that eating a vegetarian diet five days a week can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and water/land use impacts by 45% Avoid throwing out leftover food.

Question 41

food miles

Answer 41

The distance that food travels from where it is produced to where it is eaten

Question 42

carbon footprint

Answer 42

The amount of pollution, specifically greenhouse gas emissions, that is produced by something or someone

Question 43

national health care sysetm

Answer 43

medicare Australia’s universal health care system, designed to provide accessible and affordable health care for all Australians

Question 44

how is medicare funded

Answer 44

1. medicare levy 2. medicare levy surcharge 3. general taxation

Question 45

what does medicare cover

Answer 45

1. consultation fees for doctors 2.tests and examinations by doctors 3. eyes tests 4. hospital bed or accomdation 5. doctor of specialist assigned by the hopsital

Question 46

what is not covered by medicare

Answer 46

1. private pateint hospital costs 2. dental examinations and treatment 3. ambulnce services

Question 47

advantages of medicare

Answer 47

Choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services Available to all Australian citizens Medicare Safety Net Low income earners do not pay Medicare Levy Covers tests and examinations, doctors and specialists fees, and some procedures such as x-rays and eye tests

Question 48

disadvantages of medicare

Answer 48

No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments Waiting lists for many treatments Does not cover alternative therapies

Question 49

private health insurances

Answer 49

Is an additional insurance that can be purchased on top of Medicare, where members pay a premium (fee) for health-related costs not covered by Medicare

Question 50

PBS

Answer 50

The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a Federal Government-funded scheme that subsidises the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, providing Australians with access to necessary and cost-effective medicines at an affordable price.

Question 51

advantages of private health

Answer 51

1. enables access to private health care 2. choice of doctor whilst in public or private hospitals 3. shorter wating times for some medical procedures

Question 52

disadvantages of private health

Answer 52

1. costly in terms of premium that has to be paid 2.qualifying periods apply for some conditions 3.may be difficult to understand all the different options/polciies

Question 53

carbohuydrates

Answer 53

Main Function is to provide fuel for energy CHO’s when eaten are broken down to glucose, which is the most basic form of Carbohydrate and is used for energy production. The amount of glucose contained within carbohydrate-rich food can be measured using a system called the ‘Glycaemic Index (GI) bannanas bread pasta

Question 54

fats lipids

Answer 54

Main function is to act as a fuel for energy 1 gram = 37kj

Question 55

monosaturated fats

Answer 55

healthy lowering ldl avocado and nuts

Question 56

polyunsaturated

Answer 56

healthy fat omega 3 omega 6

Question 57

cholesterol

Answer 57

Cholesterol is a type of fat that is produced naturally by the body (also a fat found in animal tissue) Two types of cholesterol; HDL – High Density Lipoprotein - good cholesterol (helps to keep blood vessels unblocked) LDL – Low Density Lipoprotein - bad cholesterol (responsible for clogging blood vessels)

Question 58

protein

Answer 58

Main function is growth, maintenance and repair of body cells Secondary function is a fuel for energy production 1 gram = 17kj of energy beef chicken nuts

Question 59

vitamin a

Answer 59

Essential for normal development (particularly normal vision) Helps in the development of antibodies required to fight infection Food sources Carrots Spinach Squash

Question 60

group vitamins b

Answer 60

Vitamins B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin) and B3 (Niacin) Essential in the process of metabolizing or converting the fuels (CHO, Fat, Protein) into energy Lack of these nutrients can lead to a lack of energy   Food sources; Vegemite Eggs Milk

Question 61

vitamin b6 pyridoxine

Answer 61

Required for the metabolism of carbohydrate and protein Essential for the formation of certain brain chemicals Plays a role in red blood cell development Lack of Vitamin B6 is associated with depression, insomnia, anaemia, irritability and confusion  Food sources; Nuts Fish Meat

Question 62

folate b9

Answer 62

Essential for growth and development Plays an important role in DNA synthesis and is required for cells to duplicate in periods of growth Plays a role in the development of red blood cells Deficiency in folate can lead to folate anaemia   Food sources; Spinach Eggs Broccoli

Question 63

vitamin b12

Answer 63

Main function is for the formation of red blood cells Works with folate to ensure red bloods cells are the correct size and shape to carry oxygen throughout the body Deficiency can increase the chance of getting anaemia   Food sources; Meat Eggs Cheese

Question 64

vitamin c

Answer 64

Required for building collagen (protein required for the formation of skin, scar tissue, connective tissue, bone, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels)   Food sources; Oranges Broccoli Strawberries

Question 65

vitamin d

Answer 65

Main role is the absorption of calcium from the intestine into the bloodstream Helps prevent Osteoporosis From exposure to sunlight, (UV rays are converted to vitamin D in the skin)   Food Sources; Fish Fortified orange juice

Question 66

calcium

Answer 66

Required for the building of bone and other hard tissues (teeth and cartilage) Youth stage is the greatest increase in bone density and contributes to optimal peak bone mass Prevents the development of osteoporosis later in life   Food source; Milk Cheese Broccoli

Question 67

iron

Answer 67

an essential part of blood forms part of haemoglobin, which carries oxygen prevents against anaemia (not enough iron) Food sources Lean red meat Chicken Eggs

Question 68

fibre

Answer 68

Main Function is To regulate the functioning of the digestive system Prevent constipation by adding bulk to faeces Provides a feeling of fullness Sources of Fibre Wholemeal bread Bananas Baked beans

Question 69

water

Answer 69

Functions include; A medium for all chemical reactions required to provide energy and produce soft tissue A key component of many cells, tissues and systems A key component of blood sources water watermelon lettuce

Question 70

phosphorus

Answer 70

Main function is to work with calcium to harden or ossify bones and teeth to decrease the risk of developing Osteoporosis Food sources Milk Cheese Eggs

Question 71

sodium

Answer 71

Plays a role in the regulation of fluid in the body, including water and blood High levels of sodium in the body can draw excess fluid out of the cells, which increases blood volume and contributes to hypertension Osteoporosis – excess sodium causes calcium to be excreted in urine Food sources; Salt Olives Pork

Question 72

conception

Answer 72

describes as the moment when the ovum from a female and the sperm from a male meet

Question 73

contraception

Answer 73

the term given to prevent conception/ pregencies

Question 74

male condemn

Answer 74

thin sheath that covers the errect of the penis and works by trapping sexual fluids so they cant meet 95-97

Question 75

the contraceptive pill

Answer 75

a pill that contains a combination of hormones that changes the bahviour of the overies

Question 76

implanon

Answer 76

thin plastuc rod that goes in the arm lasting up to 3 years. release hormones to prevent ovulation