Headaches / Raised ICP Flashcards
What is a primary headache
No underlying medical / structural cause
What are examples of primary headaches
Tension type = most common Migraine Cluster = only one you need to know Trigeminal neuralgia Drug overuse Post-coital / exertional - can be thunderclap - Require CT to exclude structural brain
What are secondary headaches
Have a structural cause
What are examples of structural causes
SAH Stroke / TIA Carotid dissection Tumour GCA Meningitis Venous sinus thrombosis Intracranial hypotension Head injury Acute glaucoma Metabolic - CO poisoning Drugs
What is a thunderclap headache
High intensity reaching max in <1 min
Can be primary or secondary
What do all thunderclap headaches get
CT and LP
What must you rule out
SAH !
What is important in Hx of headache and give example
Onset
SAH = instant
Meningitis = subacute
SOL = progressive
What causes acute single headache
Meningitis / encephalitis SAH Head injury Sinusitis Glaucoma Tropical illness e.g. malaria
What causes chronic
Raised ICP / SOL
Psychological
Paget’s
What is important in Hx of headache
SOCRATES Sudden or gradual Better sitting up or lying flatt Any N+V Vertihgo Vision / eye pain / photophobia Neck stiffness RED FLAGS Examination for papilloma suggesting raised ICP
What is important in PMH
Previous episode
HTN?
Vasculitis / inflammatory flare
Hx malignancy
What is important in drug Hx and social Hx
Anti-coagulant
Anti-hypertensive
Any Rx tried
Medication overuse
What is important to examine
Neuro
- Limb power, tone, reflex
- Pronator drift
- CN
- Visual fields
- Fundoscopy
- Cerebellar
- Gait
- Calculate GCS
- PEARL ?
If normal neuro and not a thunderclap headache = usually no more investigations
Otherwise = CT to rule out secondary
What are red flags for secondary headache requiring urgent imaging
New onset Thunderclap Increasing in frequency and severity >50 <20 History of malignancy Vomiting with no other cause Immunosuppressed - HIV Change in freq / characteristics + fever New onset neurological deficit Focal neuro signs Papilloedema Visual disturbance Impaired consciousness New onset cognitive / personality change Recent head trauma Neck stiffness / fever / photophobia Low pressure - precipitate standing up High pressure - worse lying down / cough Wake from sleep Any RF for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
What are the stages of migraine (don’t have to go through all)
Pre-Aura Aura Early headache Advanced headache Post headache
What causes aura and what can it present with
Cortical spreading depression evolves over 5-60 minutes Mood changes Fatigue Muscle pain Cravings Visual loss Sensory paresthesia Motor Sx Speech disturbance
What do you get post head
Fatigue
Muscle pain
What is acephalic migraine
No headache occurs after aura
Common in elderly
What causes migraine and what can trigger
Primary brain = sensitisation of trigeminal system Stress Hunger Sleep disturbance Dehydration Diet Alcohol OCP Changes in oestrogen Bright lights
What are the symptoms of migraine
Headache lasting 4-72 hours Aura Nausea Photo / phonophobia Functional disability Confusion / ataxia / aphasia in young
What must headache in migraine have
2+ of Unilateral Pulsating Moderate - severe Made worse by activity
So can have bilateral and still be migraine if meets other criteria
What must migraine attacks have
5+ headaches with features above lasting
4-72 hours
At least one of N+V / photophobia / phonophobia
No other cause
What can aura be confused with
TIA
Migraine tends to have more +ve sx e.g. tingling rather than loss
When would you further investigate aura
Motor weakness Double vision Only one eye Poor balance Decreased GCS Migraine tends to have +Ve Sx where as stroke = -ve
How do you treat migraine
Paracetamol / NSAID / aspirin
Triptans (5HT3 agonist) - MAXALT MELT
If <18 nasal
Anti-emetic
When are triptans CI
IHD
What is used as prophylactic medication
If 2+ attacks per month
Propranolol - not if asthma
Toperimate - not 1st trimester as cleft lip / women child bearing
Canderstartan
2nd line AED TCA - amitryptilline = off-license Venlafaxine Acupuncture
How do you treat migraines in pregnancy
Often improves Paracetamol = 1st line NSAID in 1st or 2nd trimester Avoid aspirin / opiates Propranolol or amitriptyline
What is CI in migraine with aura
Combined OCP due to risk of stroke
CVS RF worsen risk
What is tension type headache
Bilateral headache
No associated features
Not worsened by exercise
What is episodic vs chronic
Chronic if >15 days per month
How do you treat
Paracetamol / aspirin = 1st month
NSAID
Amitryptilline / sodium valproate for long-term
Acupuncture if chronic
What causes medication overuse
Simple analgesia used >15 days
Triptans / opioids >10
Caffeine overuse
How does medication overuse present and who is prone
Headache >15 days
Usually migraine like
Improves when analgesia stops
Common if get migraine
What are the trigeminal autonomic cephalgia’s
Cluster headache
Paraoxysmal hemicrania
SUNCT
Trigeminal neuralgia
What are the autonomic symptoms
Conjunctival haemorrhage / injection Nasal congestion Eyelid oedema Sweating Miosis Ptosis Facial flushing
How do cluster headaches present
Intense sharp stabbing pain Orbital + temporal (around one eye) Usually unilateral Restless / agitated Can be thunderclap Cluster into bouts which usually occur once a year Circadian rhythm Autonomic Sx = common
How long do attacks / bouts of cluster last
15minutes - 3 hours
Rapid cessation
Get 1-8 per day
Lasting 4-12 weeks
Who is at risk and what triggers
Men
Smoking
Alcohol
FH
What should you do
Refer for neuro imaging
Beware of acute angle closure glaucoma but usually eye signs
How do you treat
Triptan nasal spray
SC triptans
OXYGEN = respond to high flow
Long term
Avoid trigger eg. alcohol
Verapamil for long term
Depomedrone injection on same side during bout
What do paroxysmal hemicranial headaches present
Orbital and temporal headache Unilateral Migraine Sx Autonomic Sx No circadian
How long do they last and how many
2-30 minute
Rapid onset and cessation
Usually 5. day
How do you treat paroxysmal
Indomethacin
What causes trigeminal neuralgia
Something touching trigeminal nerve Blood vessel ? Aneurysm Tumour Chronic inflammation MS
How does trigeminal neuralgia present
Unilateral stabbing pain - extreme pain Lasts seconds Maxillary more common than opthalmic Autonomic uncommon Refractory period present If no refractory - may be SUNCT
What can trigger
Wind Cold Touching Washing area Shaving Eating
What investigations
MRI to exclude secondary causes
How do you treat
Carbamazepine = 1st line prophylaxis
Other AED - gabapentin / lamotrigdine
Refer to neuro if don’t respond
Decompressive surgery
What are red flags of underlying cause
NEURO DISTURBANCE Sensory change Deafness Hx skin / ora lesion Pain bilateral or only in ophthalmic region Optic neuritis FH MS <40
Meningitis / encephalitis
SEE INFECTION
What are common infectious causes of meningitis
Nesseria meningitides
S.pneumonia
Enterovirus
What are non infectious causes
Sarcoid
Drugs
Malignancy - leukaemia / lymphoma
How does meningitis present
Unwell Gradual onset / thunderclap headache Neck stiff Fever Flu like symptoms / viral illness Vomiting Photo / phonophobia Rash - purpuric GCS <14 Confusion CN palsy / seizure / focal Sx may occur
What signs if meninges involved
+ve Kernig
How do you investigate
General exam + neuro
Blood culture
LP
CT prior to LP to look for SOL
What are CI to LP
Focal deficit suggest brain mass Seizure Papilloedema Abnormal consciousness suggesting raised ICP Immunocompromised Unstable bleeding disorder
What can meningococcal disease cause
Thrombocytopenia so don’t LP if meningococcus
How do you Rx
IV Ax - ceftriaxone (give without delay)
Add amoxicillin if very young or old
Fluids
Oxygen
Viral = self limiting
Add IV acyclovir if any suggestion of encephalitis e.g. cerebral signs
What are complications of meningitis
Sepsis Permanent brain / nerve damage Sensorineural hearing loss - screen Visual loss Epilepsy Paralysis Abscess Brain herniation Hydrocephalus
What does CSF show if bacterial
Increased opening pressure
High neutrophil
Reduced glucose
High protein
What does CSF show if viral and encephalitis
Increased pressure
High lymphocytes
Normal glucose
Slightly increased protein
Wha is encephalitis
Inflammation / infection of brain substance
What causes encephalitis
HSV
Arbovirus if travel related
Autoimmune
Where does typically affected
Temporal lobe
What are the symptoms of encephalitis
Headache Fever Meningism Flu prodrome Vomiting Altered mental state Altered consciousness Focal S+S Seizures Psychiatric
How do you Dx
Blood cultures
LP inc PCR for HSV
CT / MRI may show changes
What do you give if suspect
IV acyclovir
What causes raised ICP and how does It cause headache
Malignancy / tumour SOL Haemorrhage Aneurysm Abscess Chronic haematoma Cyst
Headache
- Raised ICP
- Vascular
- Meningeal involvement
What can tumour be
Metastatic Astrocytoma Glioblastoma Olidogendroglioma Mengioma Primary CNS lymphoma
Where are mets common from
Lung Breast Colon Kidney Melanoma
What are symptoms of raised ICP
Gradual progressive headache Worse in the morning Worse lying flat or with valsalva Vomiting Paplloedema - bilateral Falling GCS Seizures Bheaviour change Focal neuro Pulsatile tinnitus 6th nerve palsy 3rd nerve palsy due to uncle herniation - Dilated pupil Cushing's reflex
What causes vomiting
Compression of VRZ
No nausea
What are focal signs
Hemiparesis
Dysphasia
Hemianopia
CN palsy
What are symptoms of Cushing’s
Hypertension
Tachycardia
Irregular breathing
Bradycardia
How do you Dx raised ICP
Neuro exam Fundoscopy Assess for primary CT head Consider biopsy LP Routine bloods
How do you assess for primary
CXR?
Biopsy of LN to find tumour type
Easier than biopsy intra-cranial lesion
What should you avoid before imaging
LP as risk of coning
What is 1st line
CT head
What are new methods of monitoring raised ICP
Brain tissue oxygen monitoring - o2 levels drop before ICP goes up
Micro-dialysis to investigate brain metabolism
How do you initially manage raised ICP
Analgesia Mannitol Dexamethasone - if oedema Raise head 45 Hyperventilate so less blood needed Maintain O2 sats Low CO2 as acidic = oedema Reduce metabolism = coma
How do you treat
Shunt to relive pressure Remove tumour if possible Surgery RT Chemo
What suggests benign cause
Progressive headache with no other signs
What makes up ICP / Munro Kelly
Volume intracranial = V Brain tissue V Blood V CSF = a constant
How do adapt to raised ICP
Shift in CSF
Autoregulation
Will eventually fail causing swelling, ischaemia due to decreased CPP, internal shift / herniation as strictures displaced
What is subfalcine herniation
Cingulate gyrus moves under falx cerebri
What is uncul tentorial herniation
Uncus of temporal lobe herniates under tentorium cerebelli
Brain stem compressed
What happens if brain stem compressed
3rd CN palsy - ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil
Spinal tracts affected = contralateral paralysis
What is tonsilar herniation / Coning
Tonsils move down crushing brain stem through foramen magnum
Death due to cardiorespiratory centre involvement
Neurosurgical emergency
What causes Cushing’s reflex
Arterioles compressed Autonomic sympathetic activated Causes hypertension and tachy Irregular breathing Hypertension picked up so vagus = bradycardia
What makes up CPP
MAP - ICP
What is CBF regulated by
CPP Conc of CO2 and O2 Neurohormonal Cerebral metabolism Autoregulation - ability to maintain CPP over a wide range of pressures
What happens if CPP low
Arterioles dilate so more blood
Will constrict if high
What happens if CPP falls too low
Arterioles can’t dilate anymore so no flow
What happens if CPP becomes too high
Cannot compensate anymore
If this auto regulation fails what happens and when does it happen
Raised ICP and decreased CPP
Vasogenic and cytotoxic oedema
Usually first few days after brain injury
What causes cerebral / brain abscess
Head injury
Spread from dentist / sinus / ear infection
Bacteraemia
Neurosurgical
Common organism
Strep
Fungal in immunocompromised
What are symptoms
Fever Headache Focal signs Raised ICP Menigism if empyema
How do you Dx
CT - 1st line Hard to distinguish between abcess and tumour MRI Bloods Biopsy to drain
How do you treat
Surgical drainage
IV Ax
What is differential
Tumour
Subdural haematoma
What is GCA
Inflammation of large arteries in brain
How does patient present
>50 New headache Jaw claudication / pain Visual disturbance 2 to ischaemic neuropathy - unilateral blidness / amuorisis fujax (pale optic disc on fundoscopy) Systemically unwell Prominent beaded temporal arteries / tender PULSELESS as occluded Nausea Anoreixa Features of PMR
What is associated
Polymyalgia rheumatica
How do you Dx
Raised ESR / CRP / platelet / WCC as autoimmune
Temporal artery doppler replaced biopsy as biopsy could miss skip lesions
Fluorescein angiography may confirm
CK / EMG normal
How do you Rx
Opthamalogy
High dose prednisolone - 1mg/kg
If amaurosis fujax = give IV as risk of vision
Drugs to lower intraocular pressure
Also give calcium / biphosphonates/ PPI for bone protection if on steroid
What causes cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (occlusion of venous channels)
Infections in mastoids or orbit = common cause of cavernous sinus thrombosis
Other infection - TB / sepsis / endocarditis
Trauma
Head injury
Hypercoagulable state - preg / OCP / steroid / post-partum
Intracranial hypertension
Post LP dural puncture
Severe dehydration
What are signs
Consider in all patient with subacute headache presenting with a seizure Headache - usually diffuse and progressive but can have thunderclap N+V Focal neuro Reduced GCS Papilloedema Dilopia Seizure Stroke CN palsy
Cavernous sinus
- Reduced acuity
- Proptosis
- Opthamolplegia
- Absent corneal reflex
Who is at risk
OCP Dehydration Malignancy Sepsis Pregnancy Post-partum Vasculitis IBD SLE
How do you Dx and Rx
Exclude SAH Thrombophilia screen MR venogram = 1st line - Empty delta scan MRI > CT if suspect - Hyperdense vein
Phenytoin if siezure
Anti-coagulation with heparin = Rx of choice
If deteriorating consciousness = radiologically guided catheter to delivery thrombolytic therapy due to risk of haemorrhage as blockage leads to cerebral oedema with haemorrhage risk
Shunt if raised ICP
After acute episode = DOAC
What causes spontaneous intracranial hypotension
CSF leak post LP or epidural
Very rare
What are the symptoms
Headache
Worse sitting up
How do you Dx
MRI
How do you treat
Conservative Best red IV fluid Analgesia Caffiene Epidural blood patch if fails
Who is at risk
Connective tissue
Marfans
What causes disruption to BBB and what does it lead too
Increased ECF causing vasogenic oedema
Tumour / abscess / trauma
What causes membrane failure
Cell damage
Causes influx of Ca and swelling = cytotoxic oedema
How do you Rx BBB failure
Mannitol + steroids
How do you Rx membrane failure
Mannitol
What are rare variants of migraine
Basilar
Hemiplegic
Opthamoplegic
What is basillar
Bilateral visual disturbance Dysarthria Ataxia Vertigo Nystagmus Diplopia
What is hemiplegic
Aura of hemiplegia / ataxia
Can persist after headache gone
Can present like stroke
What is opthalmolpegic
Extra-ocular nerve palsy
Acute CN III palsy, pain, and dilated pupil
What are symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Daily headache - Bifrontal temporal - Worse straining Blurred vision Papilloedema Enlarged blind spot 6th nerve palsy = most commonly focal sign May cause cerebral thrombosis Present like mass with none found
Who is at risk
Young Female Obesity Pregnancy OCP Anabolic Steroid Tetracycline Lithium Retinoid / vit A
How do you investigate
CT shows no focal
LP shows raised ICP with normal composition
Fundoscopy
How do you Rx
Weight loss Prednisolone Repeat LP to drain CSF Surgery VP sunt
If evidence of visual damage Urgent opthamology Diuretic Carbonic anhydride to reduce CSF Optic nerve decompression as can lead to permanent blindness
When do you suspect acute glaucoma
Eye pain and reduced vision
When do you suspect GCA
> 50 with headache thats lasted a few weeks
What headache features should get urgent CT
Vomiting >1 New neuro Reduced conscious (GCS) Valsalva or positional Progressive with fever
What do exertional headache require if new onset / 1st presentation
CT to exclude structural brain abnormality
How does carotid artery / vertebral artery dissection present
Abrupt onset unilateral headache
Can be precipitated by trauma
HTN / aneurysm - but consider if stroke and no CVS RF
Neck or face pain
Horner syndrome may be seen
Brain stem and cerebellar signs if vertebral
What are known association
Hypertension
Marfan’s
When do you consider and how do you Dx
Any young patient presenting with Sx of a stroke
Dx = CTA or MRA
What should anyone with headache in ED be asked
Any exposure to CO
Important to remember
Headaches can present with a combination so can be confusing
What is most likely