Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SAM II > Head & Neck Tumors > Flashcards

Head & Neck Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

what is the common signalment for nasal planum tumors?

A

cats, older and lightly pigmented getting lots of sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the differential diagnoses for nasal planum tumors in a cat?

A

LSA, eosinophilic granuloma, MCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the differential diagnoses for nasal planum tumors in a dog?

A

SCC (#1), MCT, sarcoma (fibro-most likely)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three variations in SCC?

A
  • in situ (BM preserved “pre-cancerous”)
  • superficial (<2mm deep)
  • infiltrative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the best method for work-up and staging of nasal planum tumors?

A

wedge or punch biopsy (cytology not likely effected)

LN staging w/ FNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

do nasal planum tumors have a low or high metastatic rate?

A

LOW, LN staging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F: nasal planum tumors SLN tend to be submandibular

A

FALSE, SLN unpredictable (check PRESCAPS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a popular minimally invasive, cheap, and available treatment option for superficial planum tumors?

A

cryoablation (if less than 1 cm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the surgical procedure done to remove infiltrative nasal planum tumors?

A

nasal planectomy (nosectomy) +/- some removal of some of the maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

combined use of chemotherapeutic drugs (bleomycin or cisplatin) in combination with high-voltage electric pulses

A

electrochemotherapy

reversible permeabilization of cell membranes > enables more efficient entry of drugs into cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what presenting complaints might you see with a patient with an ear canal tumor?

A

recurrent signs of infection with visible mass

  • pruritis
  • bleeding
  • pain or reluctance to open mouth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the typical signalment for ear canal tumors?

A

cocker spaniels, poodles, GSD, younger cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is your top differential diagnosis for ear canal tumors?

A

ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma

-carcinomas (SCC/undifferentiated), round cell tumors (plasmacytomas), sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F: dogs develop malignant dz > benign and cats are more of an even split when it comes to ceruminous gland tumors

A

FALSE, opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the best way to sample ear canal tumors?

A

pinch biopsy w/ alligator or clamp shell forceps

FNA usually unrewarding (friable or too deep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

is the metastatic yield high or low for ear canal tumors?

A

low, do thoracic met check anyways! may see osseous changes in bulla, don’t know SLN either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what surgery is necessary for ear canal tumors?

A

TECA-BO (need to be aggressive! NOT lateral canal resection which gives you a higher rate of recurrence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the negative prognostic factors for ear canal tumors?

A
  • extension BEYOND ear canal (MST= 6m (dogs), 4m (cats))
  • SCC or undifferentiated carcinoma
  • neuro signs
  • PO histologic criteria (vascular or lymphatic invasion, high mitotic index)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the typical signalment for canine sinonasal tumors?

A

older dogs, medium to large breed, dolichocephalic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what can predispose a dog to sinonasal tumors?

A

environmental exposure (smoke, kerosene (heaters) indoors (2-4x) and urban environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the typical presenting complaint for a dog with a sinonasal tumor?

A

2-3 month hx of UNILATERAL epistaxis, sneezing, open mouth breathing w/ partial response to empirical treatments

22
Q

what are the differential diagnoses for sinonasal tumors for dogs?

A

2/3rd = carcinomas (ACA, SCC & undifferentiated) = DOGS

-sarcomas (FIBRO-, osteo-, & chondro-), fungal (GSD > aspergillosis), polyps, epidermoid cyst (brachys), LSA, MCT, TVT

23
Q

what are the differential diagnoses for sinonasal tumors for cats?

A

LSA!!! (must rule out), ACA, idiopathic non-specific rhinitis

24
Q

what is a likely indication of neoplasia that would be seen on skull & chest radiographs in a dog with a suspect sinonasal tumor?

A

ipsilateral turbinate loss, bone invasion, and sinus infiltration

25
Q

what type of biopsy would you do for a suspected sinonasal tumor?

A

“bling” trans-nostril biopsy using cup forceps, nasal flushing

26
Q

what is the incidence for regional LN for sinonasal tumors?

A

10-24%

27
Q

T/F: paraneoplastic hypercalcemia and erythrocytosis in sinonasal tumors is rare

A

TRUE

28
Q

why are NSAID’s (i.e. peroxicam) helpful in dogs with sinonasal tumors?

A

COX-2 overexpression = 80% nasal carcinomas

29
Q

what are the options for palliative treatment for sinonasal tumors?

A

NSAIDs, low dose (6-9 Gy week) RT, chemo (palladia > inhibits VEGFR)

30
Q

what could you do to control hemorrhage in a dog with a sinonasal tumor?

A

unilateral/bilateral carotid aa. ligation (>3 months…extensive collaterals develop)

31
Q

what is the MST for RT-external beam in dogs with sinonasal tumors?

A

1 year (50% 1 yr, 20% 20 yrs)

32
Q

what type of RT is more successful than external beam?

A

curative intent imaging guided

  • IMRT (intensity-modulated)…MST same but avoids critical surrounding structures resulting in less SEs
  • SRT (sterotactic radiotherapy)…absolute precision, 1-5 procedures, MST=586 days (1 yr 69%, 2y 22%)
33
Q

what late toxicities might you see with curative intent image guided RT in dogs with sinonasal tumors?

A

oronasal fistulas and fungal rhinitis

34
Q

what are the negative prognostic factors for sinonasal tumors?

A
  • age (>10 yr)
  • epistaxis
  • longer duration C.S.
  • tumor stage (cribriform involvement = bad, ST 7 m vs 23 m)
  • metastatic dz
  • histologic subtype (SCC/undifferentiated carcinomas)
  • failure to achieve resolution clinical symptoms after tx
35
Q

what can be frustrating and therefore cause to get a good biopsy when you have a suspected sinonasal tumor in cats?

A

LSA vs. lymphoplasmocytic rhinitis

36
Q

what is the typical signalment for salivary tumors?

A

older dogs (spaniels) and cats (siamese)

cats more aggressive!!

37
Q

what salivary gland is most commonly affected when it comes to salivary tumors?

A

MANDIBULAR and parotid

38
Q

salivary tumors tend to be locally invasive. what local effects might you see?

A

FIRM, painless swelling at gland, dysphagia, halitosis

39
Q

T/F: regional LN mets are common with salivary tumors

A

TRUE (distant mets uncommon)

40
Q

what are your differential diagnoses for salivary tumors?

A

CARCINOMAS, saladenitis, mucocele, misdiagnosed LN that’s enlarged

41
Q

T/F: when working-up salivary tumors it is best to biopsy them as FNA are typically unsuccesful

A

FALSE, better to do a FNA/cytology as biopsies increase the risk of compromising surgery (don’t want to disrupt regional anatomy)

42
Q

T/F: surgery on salivary tumors alone is rarely curative

A

TRUE!! need adjuvant RT for margins, provides good local control

43
Q

what are typical breeds seen when it comes to thyroid tumors?

A

goldens, beagles, boxers, huskies

44
Q

what clinical signs might be seen with thyroid tumors?

A

signs of hyperT4 (if functional), coughing, dysphagia, dyspnea, horner’s

45
Q

what is the 90:10 rule and who does it apply to?

A

DOGS for thyroid tumors

  • 90% malignant, 10% benign
  • 90% NON-functional, 10% functional

CARCINOMAS

46
Q

what is the 10:90 rule and who does it apply to?

A

CATS for thyroid tumors

  • 10% malignant, 90% benign
  • 10% non-funtional, 90% FUNCTIONAL

ADENOMAS

47
Q

unique phenomenon

A

33% of dogs with thyroid tumors will have multiple distinct malignancies (often intra-abdominal)

-do an abdominal US!!

48
Q

what FNA technique is best for thyroid tumors?

A

needle off > can be very vascular

49
Q

what is most important when it comes to working-up salivary tumors?

A

FIXED vs. NON-FIXED

  • fixed > MST 10 months, 1 yr (25%), 2 yr (10%)
  • non-fixed > MST 36 months, 1 yr (75%), 2 yr (70%)
50
Q

T/F: patients with salivary tumors tend to have a shorter MST with mets

A

FALSE, live long w/ mets

51
Q

what are the negative prognostic factors for thyroid tumors?

A
  • size (>20 cm or diameter >5 cm = poor prognosis)
  • movability (invasion of adjacent tissue = poor prognosis)
  • bilateral thyroid carcinoma 16x greater risk for developing metastatic dz
  • non-medullary thyroid carcinomas more likely to develop metastatic dz
  • NO evidence progression= 15x decreased risk developing metastasis

SAM II (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions