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Anatomy Exam 3 > Head/Neck Development lecture > Flashcards

Head/Neck Development lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pharyngeal apparatus? How many arches are there?

A
  • series of arches that develops in the lower face and in the visceral part of the neck
  • remnants of gill arches of aquatic vertebrates
  • 5 pairs of arches: 1,2,3,4,6
  • 1st arch has 2 swellings
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2
Q

When do pharyngeal arches develop?

A
  • 1st arch on day 22
  • craniocaudal succession after than
  • 6th and final arch by day 29
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3
Q

Each pharyngeal arch consists of a _________ core lined on the outside with _______ and inside with ______.

A
  • mesenchymal core (mesoderm and neural crest ectoderm)
  • ectoderm on outside
  • endoderm on inside
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4
Q

Neural crest cells migrate into each arch and form __________. Where do they migrate from?

A
  • cartilage

- midbrain and hindbrain regions

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5
Q

Pharyngeal arches are separated by ________ and all except _____ disappear. What is the remnant cleft(s)?

A
  • pharyngeal clefts
  • 1
  • external auditory meatus
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6
Q

Name 3 things each pharyngeal arch contains.

A
  1. central cartilaginous skeletal element derived from neural crest cells
  2. striated muscle rudiments derived from head mesoderm innervated by an arch-specific cranial nerve
  3. aortic arch artery
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7
Q

The first pharyngeal arch has 2 prominences associated with it. Name them and what they contain.

A
  • mandibular and maxillary prominences which give rise to the lower and upper part of the jaw, respectively
  • each contain a central cartilaginous element
  • central cartilage of maxillary prominence is palatopterygoiquadrate bar
  • central cartilage of mandibular prominence is Meckel’s cartilage
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8
Q

Both the maxillary and mandibular prominences are formed largely from ________.

A

-neural crest cells that migrate from NC folds in midbrain and hindbrain

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9
Q

What bones does arch 1 give rise to?

A
  • template for mandible and 2 ossicles: malleus and incus
  • Merkel’s: malleus, sphenomandibular ligament, anterior ligament of the malleus
  • Maxillary: incus and small bone called alisphenoid located in orbital wall
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10
Q

What is the second arch cartilage called? What bones does this arch give rise to?

A
  • Reichert’s cartilage
  • stapes of middle ear, styloid process of temporal bone, fibrous stylohyoid ligament, and the lesser horns (cornua) and upper rim of body of the hyoid bone
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11
Q

Where does the 3rd arch cartilage come from and what bones does this arch give rise to?

A
  • caudal hindbrain

- forms rest of hyoid bone

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12
Q

What bones do the 4th and 6th arches give rise to?

A

-thyroid and cricoid cartilages and intrinsic laryngeal cartilages (larynx)

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13
Q

Where are the motoneuron cell bodies and sensory cell bodies of cranial nerves found?

A
  • motor: cell bodies in the brain

- sensory: cranial nerve ganglia

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14
Q

In the trunk, all sensory nerves are derived from neural crest cells. What about some sensory neurons in the head?

A

-neural crest cells and special areas of ectoderm known as neurogenic ectodermal placodes

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15
Q

Skeletal muscles that develop in each arch is innervated by _________.

A

-a specific mixed cranial nerve

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16
Q

What provides sensory innervation of the face?

A

-ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve

17
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with each arch?

A
  • Arch I: CN V3
  • Arch 2: CN VII
  • Arch 3: CN IX
  • Arch IV, VI: CN X
18
Q

Give the muscles, skeletal elements, and cranial nerve from arch 1

A
  • 4 muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis, medial and later pterygoid), anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, 2 tensors (tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini)
  • mandible, malleus, incus, sphenomandibular ligament
  • V3
19
Q

Give the muscles, skeletal elements, and cranial nerve from arch 2

A
  • ocularis oculi, orbicular oris, buccinator, plastysma, digastric posterior belly, stylohyoid, stapedius
  • hyoid (superior part), styloid process, stapes, stylohyoid ligament
  • Facial nerve CN VII
20
Q

What is the smallest muscle in the human body?

A

-stapedius

21
Q

Give the muscles, skeletal elements, and cranial nerve from arch 3

A
  • stylopharyngeus
  • hyoid (inferior part)
  • Glossopharyngeal n CN IX
22
Q

Give muscles, skeletal elements, and cranial nerve from arch 4

A
  • Pharyngeal branch of Vagus CN X: levator veli palantini, uvular muscle, 3 constrictors, salpingopharyngeus, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus
  • Superior laryngeal branch of Vagus CN X: cricoidthyroid muscle, thyroid cartilage and epiglottis
23
Q

Give muscles, skeletal elements, and cranial nerve from arch 6

A
  • recurrent branch of vagus CN X
  • lateral cricoarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, thyroarytenoid (vocalis), aryepiglottis
  • cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform cartilages
24
Q

What innervates muscles of palate and with what exception?

A

-Pharyngeal branches of X innervate all muscles of palate except tensor veli palatini which is innervated by V3

25
Q

What innervates muscles of pharynx and with what exception?

A

-Pharyngeal branches of CN X innervate all muscles of pharynx except stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal CN IX

26
Q

What innervates intrinsic muscles of the larynx and with what exception?

A

-recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X, exception the cricothryoid which is innervated by superior laryngeal branch of CN X

27
Q

What muscles does CN XI innervate and what movements does this allow for?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • trapezius
  • let’s us shrug shoulder and turn head
28
Q

What muscles does CN XII innervate?

A
  • genioglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • styloglossus
  • intrinsic tongue muscles
  • *hypoglossus innervates all muscles ending in glossus except for palatoglossus (CN X)
29
Q

What muscles do CN III innervate?

A
  • superior, inferior, and medial rectus
  • inferior oblique
  • levator palpebrae superioris
30
Q

What muscles does CN IV innervate?

A
  • superior oblique

* *trochlear nerve innervate the muscle that passes through the trochlea**

31
Q

What muscles does CN VI innervate?

A
  • lacteral rectus

- abducens nerve innervates the abducter of the eye

32
Q

Name 4 things and their embryonic origins that each pharyngeal arch contains

A

-Each pharyngeal arch contains cartilage from neural crest, skeletal muscle from mesoderm, specific cranial nerve and an aortic arch from mesoderm

33
Q

There are no aortic remnants of arch 1 or 2. But describe the remnants and their locations within the other arches

A
  • 3: common and internal carotid arteries
    4: arch of the aorta and the right subclavian artery
    6: pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus
34
Q

Each pharyngeal arch is separates by a pharyngeal pouch (what are these lined by and how many remnants exist?) that is juxtaposed to a pharyngeal cleft/groove (how many remain and what is this lined by?)

A
  • Pouches: endoderm; 4

- Grooves/clefts: ectoderm; 1

35
Q

What does the 1 remaining cleft form and what do the 4 remaining pouches form?

A
  • Cleft 1: external auditory meatus
  • Pouch 1: auditory tube
  • Pouch 2: palatine tonsil
  • Pouch 3: Parathyroid gland (inferior) and thymus
  • Pouch 4: Parathyroid gland (superior) and Ultimobranchial body
36
Q

What is the purpose of the ultimobranchial body?

A

-Parafollicular “C” cells develop here and migrate into thyroid gland

37
Q

How does the thyroid descend?

A

-thyroid grows down from midline endoderm that forms the posterior 1/3 of tongue called the thryoglossal duct

38
Q

Clinical correlate that results from defects in pouches 3 and 4

A
  • DiGeorge Sequence

- immunologic problems, hypocalcemia, and may be combined with cardiovascular defects, abnormal ears, and micrognathia

39
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue’s mucosa derived from which arches? Describe its correlated sensory innervation. Do the same for the posterior 1/3.

A
  • anterior 2/3 mucosa from arch 1 and 2; has CN V3 lingual branch and CN VII (chorda tympani) innervation l
  • Posterior 2/3 mucosa from arch 3; glossopharyngeal CN IX innervation

Anatomy Exam 3 (9 decks)

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