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Head & Neck - Anatomy > Head & Neck - Basic Anatomy > Flashcards

Head & Neck - Basic Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 parts can the skull be divided up into?

A

Mandible
Neuro-cranium
Viscero-cranium

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2
Q

What type of joint are sutures?

A

Fibrous

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3
Q

What are the eight cranial bones?

A 
Frontal x1
Occipital x1
Ethmoid x1
Parietal x2
Temporal x2
Sphenoid x2
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4
Q

What are the fourteen facial skeleton bones?

A 
Frontal x1
Vomer x1
Maxilla x1
Mandible x1
Parietal x2
Sphenoid x2
Temporal x2
Nasal bone x2
Zygomatic bone x2
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5
Q

What are the three main sutures in the brain and what bones are they between?

A

Saggital - Two parietal bones
Coronal - Frontal and parietal
Lambdoid - Parietal and Occipital

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6
Q

What bone are the mastoid and styloid process part of?

A

Temporal

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7
Q

What two bones form the zygomatic arch?

A

Temporal

Zygomatic

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8
Q

What is the hole in the floor of the skull called and what structures pass through it?

A

Foramen Magnum

Spinal Cord, R+L Vertebral arteries, Accessory nerve & CN VI

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9
Q

Where are the ear ossicles found?

A

The petrous part of the temporal bone

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10
Q

What are the five layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis of the occipital-frontal muscle
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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11
Q

What are the boundaries of the scalp?

A

Anteriorly - Until the supraorbital margins of the frontal bone
Posteriorly - Until the superior nuchal lines
Laterally - As far as the zygomatic arches

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12
Q

In what layer of the scalp are blood vessels found?

A

Loose connective tissue

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13
Q

What two nerves innervate the anterior and posterior parts of the scalp?

A

Anterior - Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Posterior - C2 & C3

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14
Q

What are the branches of the Trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

A

Top – Opthalmic (V1) Middle – Maxillary (V2) Bottom (Jaw) – Mandibular (V3)

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15
Q

What branches of CN V are purely sensory and which one contains both sensory and motor fibres?

A

V1 & V2 are purely sensory

V3 contains sensory and motor fibres

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16
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Veins that transverse diploe and they have no valves so infection can spread intracranially

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17
Q

What is the Superficial Temporal Artery a branch of?

A

External Carotid Artery (ECA)

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18
Q

At what level does the CCA branch?

A

Upper part of the thyroid cartilage - C4

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19
Q

What does the ICA not do in the neck and where is it positioned?

A

Give off branches

Slightly more lateral than the ECA

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20
Q

What does the EJV do and where does it run?

A

Drains part of the face and neck

On the outside

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21
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the ECA?

A

Maxillary

Superficial temporal artery

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22
Q

Where does the IJV arise and emerge?

A

Jugular venous sinus

Jugular foramen

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23
Q

Where is the jugular foramen found?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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24
Q

What does the EJV drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

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25
What are the main four muscles of facial expression and where an they be found?
Orbicularis oculi – Orbits around the eye *Helps for blinking* Orbicularis oris – Surrounds the mouth Occipitofrontalis – Forms third layer of the scalp Buccinator – Found in the depths of the cheek
26
What help to reduce the weight of the weight of the skull?
Air sinuses and sacs
27
What nerve innnervates all the main muscles of facial expression?
Facial nerve
28
Where does the Facial nerve emerge onto the side of the face?
Stylomastoid foramen
29
What are the four main glands of the face?
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
30
What type of gland is the parotid gland?
Exocrine
31
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands have ducts
32
What are the five branches of the Facial nerve?
``` Buccal Cervical Mandibular Temporal Zygomatic ```
33
Where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?
Bilateral at the upper 2nd molar
34
What cranial nerve innervates the parotid gland?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
35
What bone does the facial artery wind round to reach the face?
Mandible
36
What vein do the facial and superficial temporal vein drain into?
IJV
37
Where does the phrenic nerve lie?
Posterior and proximal to the carotid sheath
38
What is the vertebra prominens?
C7 and it is the only cervical vertebrae palpable through the skin
39
What is special about the cervical spinous process?
It is bifid
40
What is the curvature of the cervical spine?
Lordoses
41
What are the root values of the cervical vertebra?
C1-C4
42
What are the ansa cervicalis?
Loops of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus
43
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Superiorly – Mandible Posteriorly – Sternocleidomastoid Inferiorly – Midline
44
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Anteriorly – Sternocleidomastoid Posteriorly – Trapezius Inferiorly – Clavicle
45
What are the four further subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Submental Digastric/Submandibular Carotid Muscular
46
What are the contents of the anterior triangle of the neck?
``` CCA IJV ICA ECA Facial artery/vein Vagus nerve ```
47
What are the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?
``` Accessory nerve Cervical nerve plexus Occipital artery EJV Lymph nodes ```
48
What nerve innervates the sternocleiodmastoid and trapezius muscles?
CN XI
49
What do the ventral rami of the lower cervical spinal nerves form?
Left and right brachial plexuses
50
What are the parts of the thyroid gland?
Left and right lobes | Isthmus
51
Where does the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie?
At the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
52
Where does the thyroidgland lie in the neck?
Visceral compartment
53
What are the four suprahyoid muscles and what are they innervated by?
Myohyoid - CN V3 Digastric muscles - CN V & CN VII Stylohyoid - Facial nerve Geniohyoid - C1 fibres
54
What are the four infrahyoid muscles and what are they innervated by?
Sternohyoid – C1-C3 via ansa cervicalis Sternothyroid – C2 & C3 via ansa cervicalis Thyrohyoid – C1 (Reaches it by hitching a ride on the hypoglossal nerve [CN XII]) Omohyoid – C1-C3 via ansa cervicalis
55
What does the sternohyoid do?
Depress the larynx
56
What does the thyrohyoid do?
Elevates the larynx
57
What are the different parts of the mandible?
``` Condyle Coronoid Mandibular foramen Angle of the mandible Mental foramen Body ```
58
What vessels pass through the mandibular canal?
Inferior alveolar artery Inferior alveolar vein Inferior alveolar nerve
59
What are the total number of deciduous incisors, canines and molars?
Incisors - 8 Canines - 4 Molars - 8
60
What are the total number of permanent incisors, canines, premolars and molars?
Incisors - 8 Canines - 4 Premolars - 8 Molars - 12
61
What type of joint is the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
Synovial modified hinge joint
62
What five movements occur at the TMJ?
``` Elevation Depression Protrusion Retrusion Side to side movements ```
63
What are the four muscles of mastication?
Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid (deep) - Any muscle going towards the TMJ is this
64
What muscle is a large fan shape on the side of the head?
Temporalis muscle
65
What two processes form the TMJ?
Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone | Condylar process of the mandible
66
What are the two bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?
Coronoid process of the mandible | Temporal fossa
67
What are the two bony attachments of the masseter?
Zygomatic bone | Outer surface of the ramus and coronoid process of the mandible
68
Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle attach to?
Lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate | *Medial to medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate*
69
What happens when the two lateral pterygoid muscles contract?
Mandible depression
70
What happens when the two medial pterygoid muscles contract?
Mandible elevation
71
What muscles cause mandible elevation?
Masseter | Pterygoid
72
What muscles cause mandible depression?
Geniohyoid Omohyoid Suprahyoid
73
What muscle causes mandible protrusion?
Pterygoid
74
What muscle causes retraction?
Horizontal fibres of temporalis
75
What muscle causes side to side movements?
Pterygoid
76
What are the four functions of the nose?
Traps dirt Respiration Humidification Olfaction (Smell)
77
What makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?
Palatine processes of the maxillae | Palatine bones which forms the hard palate
78
What part of the ethmoid bone helps form the roof of the nasal cavity?
Cribriform plate
79
What two bones form the nasal septum?
Vomer | Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
80
What two bones form the hard palate?
Maxilla | Palantine bone
81
What type of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa which lines most of the nasal cavity?
Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium
82
What lines the roof of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory mucosa
83
What are the three projections on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and what is found below them?
Superior concha Middle concha Inferior concha *Concha=Turbinates* Respective meatus'
84
In what direction are concha increasing in size?
Superior is smallest & Inferior is largest
85
What is the space above the superior concha?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
86
The inferior concha is a separate bone so what bone are the superior and middle concha made of?
Ethmoid bone
87
What are the two main functions of the paranasal air sinuses?
Humidifyingand heating inhaled air | Lightening head weight
88
What opens into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
89
What opens into the middle meatus?
Maxillary & Frontal sinus | Anterior & Middle ethmoidal air cells
90
What opens into the superior meatus?
Posterior ethmoidal air cells
91
What muscles affect the pursing of lips?
Orbicularis oris
92
What are the three main functions of the tongue?
Moving food during swallowing Taste Swallowing
93
What landmark divides the tongue anteriorly (2/3) and posteriorly (1/3)?
Terminal sulcus (V shaped)
94
What are the three types of papillae found on the tongue and which ones do not contain taste buds?
Fungiform Filliform - Don't contain taste buds Vallate/Circumvalate
95
What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Lingual frenulum
96
What nerves innervate the anterior and posterior sections of the tongue?
Anterior - Lingual nerve from mandibular branch of CN V | Posterior - Glossopharyngeal nerve
97
What do the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
Intrinsic - Alter shape | Extrinsic - Alter position
98
What muscle attaching to the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
Palatoglossus
99
What nerve innervates the parotid glands?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
100
What nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands?
Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
101
What are the five muscles of the soft palate?
``` Levator veli palatine Tensor veli palatine Palatoglossus Palatopharyngeus Musculus uvulae ```
102
What is the nerve supply to soft palate?
Pharyngeal plexus via the vagus nerve
103
Which arch is more anterior: Palatoglossal or Palatopharyngeal?
Palatoglossal | *G comes before P*
104
What forms the roof of the pharynx?
Nasopharyngeal tonsils
105
What prevents a bolus entering nasopharynx?
Soft palate closes it off
106
What prevents a bolus entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
107
What three muscles form the inner longitudinal layer of the pharynx?
Stylopharyngeus Salpinopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus
108
Branches of which two cranial nerves form the pharyngeal plexus?
Glossopharyngeal | Vagus
109
What is the pharyngeal lymphoid ring?
A collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the entrance to the oropharynx
110
What is the purpose of the pharyngeal lymphoid ring?
First line of defence against microbes
111
What cartilage in the larynx is a complete ring?
Cricoid
112
What cartilage in the larynx forms an "Adam's apple"?
Thyroid
113
Which membrane in the larynx lies inferior to the vocal cord?
Cricothyroid
114
What structures form the laryngeal inlet?
Epiglottic cartilage Carniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Aryepiglottic fold
115
What would happen if the recurrent laryngeal nerve was transected?
Paralysis of vocal chords- Aphonia (Mute)
116
Where does the palantine nerve run?
In the maxillary crest
117
What is found in the sphenoid sinus?
Optic Nerve Pituitary gland ICA
118
What is clinically important about Little's Area?
It is the most probable point for a nose bleed
119
Where does the tear sac sit?
Lacrimal fossa
120
What 7 bones form the eye orbit?
``` Frontal Sphenoid x2 Ethmoid Lacrimal Maxilla Zygomatic ```
121
What passes through the optic foramen?
Optic nerve | Opthalmic artery
122
What passes through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III, IX & XI | V1 & Opthalmic veins
123
What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
V3 - Maxillary division
124
What makes the floor of the orbit weak?
The inferior orbital groove that runs in the floor of the orbit
125
What two parts makes up the outer fibrous layer of the eye?
Cornea | Sclera
126
What three parts make up the middle vascular layer of the eye?
Choroid Ciliary body Iris
127
What makes up the inner sensory layer of the eye?
Retina
128
Where are aqueous humour and vitreous humour found in the eye?
Aqueous - Anterior segment *Watery fluid* | Vitreous - Posterior segment *Gel like*
129
What secretes aqueous humour?
Ciliary body
130
What are the three intrinsic muscles of the eye?
Ciliaris Constrictor pupillae Dilator pupillae
131
What is the action and the innervation of the ciliaris?
Accomodation | Parasympathetic via CN III
132
What is the action and the innervation of the constrictor pupillae?
Constricts the pupil | Parasympathetic via CN III
133
What is the action and the innervation of the dilator pupillae?
Dilates the pupil | Sympathetic innervation
134
What are the six extrinsic muscles of the eye?
``` Superior Rectus Inferior Rectus Medial Rectus Lateral Rectus Superior Oblique Inferior Oblique ```
135
What is the trochlea?
Ligamentous ring that holds the superior oblique in place
136
What are the actions of the superior rectus?
Elevation Adduction Intorsion
137
What are the actions of the inferior rectus?
Depression Adduction Extorsion
138
What is the action of the medial rectus?
Adduction
139
What is the action of the lateral rectus?
Abduction
140
What are the actions of the superior oblique?
Depression Abduction Intorsion
141
What are the actions of the inferior oblique?
Elevation Abduction Extorsion
142
What muscle doesn't arise from the posterior aspect of the orbit?
Inferior oblique
143
What stops the over-ad/abduction of the eye?
Medial & Lateral check ligaments
144
What is the opthalmic artery a division of and what does it supply?
ICA | Orbit & Eye
145
What type of joints are found between the ossicles in the ear?
Synovial
146
What are the three middle ear bones (ossicles)?
Malleus Incus Stapes
147
What ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?
Malleus body (handle)
148
What ossicle is in contact with the oval window?
Stapes
149
What two muscles are related to the ossicles?
Tensor tympani | Stapedius
150
What is the role of the tensor tympani?
Dampens sound
151
What is the role of the stapedius?
Stabilises the stapes
152
Which part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner ear lie?
Petrous part
153
What fluid lies within the bony labyrinth?
Perilymph
154
What fluid lies within the membranous labyrinth?
Endolymph
155
What are the six groups of lymph nodes of the face and scalp?
``` Parotid nodes Buccal Submental Submandibular Mastoid Occipital ```
156
What do the parotid nodes drain?
Scalp around parotid gland Lateral parts of the eyelids Middle ear
157
What do the buccal nodes drain?
Cheek
158
What do the submental lymph nodes drain?
Anterior tongue tip | Central part of the mouth and chin
159
What do the submandibular lymph nodes drain? (8)
``` Front of scalp Nose Lips Air sinuses Teeth Anterior tongue Floor of the mouth Efferent lymphatics from submental nodes ```
160
What do the mastoid nodes drain?
Middle region of the scalp and E.A.M.
161
What do the occipital nodes drain?
Back of the scalp
162
What are the five groups of lymph nodes in the neck?
``` Anterior cervical Superficial cervical Retropharyngeal Laryngeal Tracheal ```
163
What do the anterior cervical nodes drain?
Superficial structures of anterior neck
164
What do the superficial cervical nodes drain?
Parotid nodes Angle of mandible Structures at junction of face, scalp and neck
165
What do the laryngeal nodes drain?
Larynx and adjacent structures
166
What do tracheal nodes drain?
Trachea and thyroid gland
167
What bone forms the boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
Lesser wing of sphenoid
168
What bones form the floor of the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid | Temporal
169
What four bones meet at the pterion?
Frontal Parietal Sphenoid Temporal
170
What bone forms the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?
Temporal
171
What structure passes through the foramen of the cribriform plate?
Olfactory nerve
172
What structure(s) passes through the optic foramen?
Optic nerve & Opthalmic arteries
173
What structure(s) passes through the supeior orbital fissure?
CN III, IV, V1, VI & Opthalmic veins
174
What structure(s) passes through the foramen rotundum?
CN V2
175
What structure(s) passes through the foramen ovale?
CN V3 & Accessory meningeal artery
176
What structure(s) passes through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery and vein | Meningeal branch of CN V3
177
What structure(s) passes through the foramen lacerum?
ICA and accompanying sympathetic and venous plexuses
178
What structure(s) passes through the carotid canal?
Great petrosal nerve | Petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery
179
What structure(s) passes through the internal acoustic foramen?
CN VII, VIII & Labyrinth artery
180
What structure(s) passes through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X & II Posterior meningeal artery IJV Inferior petronal and sigmoid sinuses
181
What structure(s) passes through the hypoglossal canal?
CN XII
182
What structure(s) passes through the foramen magnum?
``` Medulla & Meninges Vertebral arteries CN XI DUral veins Spinal arteries ```
183
What artery makes the groove lateral to the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
184
In what bone is the sella turnica found?
Sphenoid
185
Which foramen lies immediately anterior to the groove for the cavernous sinus?
Superior Orbital Fissure
186
What type of ossification occurs in the flat bones of the vault of the skull?
Intramenbranous ossification
187
What type of ossification occurs in the irregular bones of the base of the skull?
Endochondrial ossification
188
What are fontanelles and why are they relevant in infants?
Soft membranous gaps (Sutures) between cranial bones | Still open in infants
189
At what age do the anterior and posterior fontanelles fuse?
Anterior - Two years | Posterior - First 2-3 months
190
What type of epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Stratified squamous epithelium
191
What muscle fibres under lies the pithelium of the tongue?
Skeletal muscle fibres
192
What salivary gland secretes a predominantly serous secretion?
Parotid
193
What salivary gland secretes a mixed serous and mucous secretion?
Submandibular
194
What salivary gland secretes a mucous secretion?
Sublingual

Head & Neck - Anatomy (2 decks)

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