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Head & Neck - Anatomy > Head & Neck - Basic Anatomy > Flashcards

Head & Neck - Basic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 parts can the skull be divided up into?

A

Mandible
Neuro-cranium
Viscero-cranium

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2
Q

What type of joint are sutures?

A

Fibrous

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3
Q

What are the eight cranial bones?

A 
Frontal x1
Occipital x1
Ethmoid x1
Parietal x2
Temporal x2
Sphenoid x2
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4
Q

What are the fourteen facial skeleton bones?

A 
Frontal x1
Vomer x1
Maxilla x1
Mandible x1
Parietal x2
Sphenoid x2
Temporal x2
Nasal bone x2
Zygomatic bone x2
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5
Q

What are the three main sutures in the brain and what bones are they between?

A

Saggital - Two parietal bones
Coronal - Frontal and parietal
Lambdoid - Parietal and Occipital

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6
Q

What bone are the mastoid and styloid process part of?

A

Temporal

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7
Q

What two bones form the zygomatic arch?

A

Temporal

Zygomatic

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8
Q

What is the hole in the floor of the skull called and what structures pass through it?

A

Foramen Magnum

Spinal Cord, R+L Vertebral arteries, Accessory nerve & CN VI

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9
Q

Where are the ear ossicles found?

A

The petrous part of the temporal bone

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10
Q

What are the five layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis of the occipital-frontal muscle
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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11
Q

What are the boundaries of the scalp?

A

Anteriorly - Until the supraorbital margins of the frontal bone
Posteriorly - Until the superior nuchal lines
Laterally - As far as the zygomatic arches

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12
Q

In what layer of the scalp are blood vessels found?

A

Loose connective tissue

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13
Q

What two nerves innervate the anterior and posterior parts of the scalp?

A

Anterior - Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Posterior - C2 & C3

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14
Q

What are the branches of the Trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

A

Top – Opthalmic (V1) Middle – Maxillary (V2) Bottom (Jaw) – Mandibular (V3)

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15
Q

What branches of CN V are purely sensory and which one contains both sensory and motor fibres?

A

V1 & V2 are purely sensory

V3 contains sensory and motor fibres

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16
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Veins that transverse diploe and they have no valves so infection can spread intracranially

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17
Q

What is the Superficial Temporal Artery a branch of?

A

External Carotid Artery (ECA)

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18
Q

At what level does the CCA branch?

A

Upper part of the thyroid cartilage - C4

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19
Q

What does the ICA not do in the neck and where is it positioned?

A

Give off branches

Slightly more lateral than the ECA

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20
Q

What does the EJV do and where does it run?

A

Drains part of the face and neck

On the outside

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21
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the ECA?

A

Maxillary

Superficial temporal artery

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22
Q

Where does the IJV arise and emerge?

A

Jugular venous sinus

Jugular foramen

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23
Q

Where is the jugular foramen found?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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24
Q

What does the EJV drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

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25
Q

What are the main four muscles of facial expression and where an they be found?

A

Orbicularis oculi – Orbits around the eye Helps for blinking
Orbicularis oris – Surrounds the mouth
Occipitofrontalis – Forms third layer of the scalp
Buccinator – Found in the depths of the cheek

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26
Q

What help to reduce the weight of the weight of the skull?

A

Air sinuses and sacs

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27
Q

What nerve innnervates all the main muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve

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28
Q

Where does the Facial nerve emerge onto the side of the face?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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29
Q

What are the four main glands of the face?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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30
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

A

Exocrine

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31
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands have ducts

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32
Q

What are the five branches of the Facial nerve?

A 
Buccal 
Cervical
Mandibular
Temporal
Zygomatic
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33
Q

Where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?

A

Bilateral at the upper 2nd molar

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34
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the parotid gland?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

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35
Q

What bone does the facial artery wind round to reach the face?

A

Mandible

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36
Q

What vein do the facial and superficial temporal vein drain into?

A

IJV

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37
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve lie?

A

Posterior and proximal to the carotid sheath

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38
Q

What is the vertebra prominens?

A

C7 and it is the only cervical vertebrae palpable through the skin

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39
Q

What is special about the cervical spinous process?

A

It is bifid

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40
Q

What is the curvature of the cervical spine?

A

Lordoses

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41
Q

What are the root values of the cervical vertebra?

A

C1-C4

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42
Q

What are the ansa cervicalis?

A

Loops of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus

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43
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Superiorly – Mandible
Posteriorly – Sternocleidomastoid
Inferiorly – Midline

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44
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anteriorly – Sternocleidomastoid
Posteriorly – Trapezius
Inferiorly – Clavicle

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45
Q

What are the four further subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Submental
Digastric/Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular

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46
Q

What are the contents of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A 
CCA 
IJV
ICA
ECA
Facial artery/vein
Vagus nerve
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47
Q

What are the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A 
Accessory nerve
Cervical nerve plexus
Occipital artery
EJV
Lymph nodes
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48
Q

What nerve innervates the sternocleiodmastoid and trapezius muscles?

A

CN XI

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49
Q

What do the ventral rami of the lower cervical spinal nerves form?

A

Left and right brachial plexuses

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50
Q

What are the parts of the thyroid gland?

A

Left and right lobes

Isthmus

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51
Q

Where does the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie?

A

At the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

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52
Q

Where does the thyroidgland lie in the neck?

A

Visceral compartment

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53
Q

What are the four suprahyoid muscles and what are they innervated by?

A

Myohyoid - CN V3
Digastric muscles - CN V & CN VII
Stylohyoid - Facial nerve
Geniohyoid - C1 fibres

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54
Q

What are the four infrahyoid muscles and what are they innervated by?

A

Sternohyoid – C1-C3 via ansa cervicalis
Sternothyroid – C2 & C3 via ansa cervicalis
Thyrohyoid – C1 (Reaches it by hitching a ride on the hypoglossal nerve [CN XII])
Omohyoid – C1-C3 via ansa cervicalis

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55
Q

What does the sternohyoid do?

A

Depress the larynx

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56
Q

What does the thyrohyoid do?

A

Elevates the larynx

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57
Q

What are the different parts of the mandible?

A 
Condyle
Coronoid
Mandibular foramen
Angle of the mandible
Mental foramen
Body
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58
Q

What vessels pass through the mandibular canal?

A

Inferior alveolar artery
Inferior alveolar vein
Inferior alveolar nerve

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59
Q

What are the total number of deciduous incisors, canines and molars?

A

Incisors - 8
Canines - 4
Molars - 8

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60
Q

What are the total number of permanent incisors, canines, premolars and molars?

A

Incisors - 8
Canines - 4
Premolars - 8
Molars - 12

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61
Q

What type of joint is the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

A

Synovial modified hinge joint

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62
Q

What five movements occur at the TMJ?

A 
Elevation
Depression
Protrusion
Retrusion
Side to side movements
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63
Q

What are the four muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid (deep) - Any muscle going towards the TMJ is this

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64
Q

What muscle is a large fan shape on the side of the head?

A

Temporalis muscle

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65
Q

What two processes form the TMJ?

A

Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Condylar process of the mandible

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66
Q

What are the two bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?

A

Coronoid process of the mandible

Temporal fossa

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67
Q

What are the two bony attachments of the masseter?

A

Zygomatic bone

Outer surface of the ramus and coronoid process of the mandible

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68
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle attach to?

A

Lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

Medial to medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

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69
Q

What happens when the two lateral pterygoid muscles contract?

A

Mandible depression

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70
Q

What happens when the two medial pterygoid muscles contract?

A

Mandible elevation

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71
Q

What muscles cause mandible elevation?

A

Masseter

Pterygoid

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72
Q

What muscles cause mandible depression?

A

Geniohyoid
Omohyoid
Suprahyoid

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73
Q

What muscle causes mandible protrusion?

A

Pterygoid

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74
Q

What muscle causes retraction?

A

Horizontal fibres of temporalis

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75
Q

What muscle causes side to side movements?

A

Pterygoid

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76
Q

What are the four functions of the nose?

A

Traps dirt
Respiration
Humidification
Olfaction (Smell)

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77
Q

What makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Palatine processes of the maxillae

Palatine bones which forms the hard palate

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78
Q

What part of the ethmoid bone helps form the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Cribriform plate

79
Q

What two bones form the nasal septum?

A

Vomer

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

80
Q

What two bones form the hard palate?

A

Maxilla

Palantine bone

81
Q

What type of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa which lines most of the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium

82
Q

What lines the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory mucosa

83
Q

What are the three projections on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and what is found below them?

A

Superior concha
Middle concha
Inferior concha Concha=Turbinates
Respective meatus’

84
Q

In what direction are concha increasing in size?

A

Superior is smallest & Inferior is largest

85
Q

What is the space above the superior concha?

A

Spheno-ethmoidal recess

86
Q

The inferior concha is a separate bone so what bone are the superior and middle concha made of?

A

Ethmoid bone

87
Q

What are the two main functions of the paranasal air sinuses?

A

Humidifyingand heating inhaled air

Lightening head weight

88
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

89
Q

What opens into the middle meatus?

A

Maxillary & Frontal sinus

Anterior & Middle ethmoidal air cells

90
Q

What opens into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells

91
Q

What muscles affect the pursing of lips?

A

Orbicularis oris

92
Q

What are the three main functions of the tongue?

A

Moving food during swallowing
Taste
Swallowing

93
Q

What landmark divides the tongue anteriorly (2/3) and posteriorly (1/3)?

A

Terminal sulcus (V shaped)

94
Q

What are the three types of papillae found on the tongue and which ones do not contain taste buds?

A

Fungiform
Filliform - Don’t contain taste buds
Vallate/Circumvalate

95
Q

What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Lingual frenulum

96
Q

What nerves innervate the anterior and posterior sections of the tongue?

A

Anterior - Lingual nerve from mandibular branch of CN V

Posterior - Glossopharyngeal nerve

97
Q

What do the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Intrinsic - Alter shape

Extrinsic - Alter position

98
Q

What muscle attaching to the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Palatoglossus

99
Q

What nerve innervates the parotid glands?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

100
Q

What nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve

101
Q

What are the five muscles of the soft palate?

A 
Levator veli palatine
Tensor veli palatine
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
Musculus uvulae
102
Q

What is the nerve supply to soft palate?

A

Pharyngeal plexus via the vagus nerve

103
Q

Which arch is more anterior: Palatoglossal or Palatopharyngeal?

A

Palatoglossal

G comes before P

104
Q

What forms the roof of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharyngeal tonsils

105
Q

What prevents a bolus entering nasopharynx?

A

Soft palate closes it off

106
Q

What prevents a bolus entering the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

107
Q

What three muscles form the inner longitudinal layer of the pharynx?

A

Stylopharyngeus
Salpinopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

108
Q

Branches of which two cranial nerves form the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

109
Q

What is the pharyngeal lymphoid ring?

A

A collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the entrance to the oropharynx

110
Q

What is the purpose of the pharyngeal lymphoid ring?

A

First line of defence against microbes

111
Q

What cartilage in the larynx is a complete ring?

112
Q

What cartilage in the larynx forms an “Adam’s apple”?

113
Q

Which membrane in the larynx lies inferior to the vocal cord?

A

Cricothyroid

114
Q

What structures form the laryngeal inlet?

A

Epiglottic cartilage
Carniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Aryepiglottic fold

115
Q

What would happen if the recurrent laryngeal nerve was transected?

A

Paralysis of vocal chords- Aphonia (Mute)

116
Q

Where does the palantine nerve run?

A

In the maxillary crest

117
Q

What is found in the sphenoid sinus?

A

Optic Nerve
Pituitary gland
ICA

118
Q

What is clinically important about Little’s Area?

A

It is the most probable point for a nose bleed

119
Q

Where does the tear sac sit?

A

Lacrimal fossa

120
Q

What 7 bones form the eye orbit?

A 
Frontal
Sphenoid x2
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Zygomatic
121
Q

What passes through the optic foramen?

A

Optic nerve

Opthalmic artery

122
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IX & XI

V1 & Opthalmic veins

123
Q

What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

V3 - Maxillary division

124
Q

What makes the floor of the orbit weak?

A

The inferior orbital groove that runs in the floor of the orbit

125
Q

What two parts makes up the outer fibrous layer of the eye?

A

Cornea

Sclera

126
Q

What three parts make up the middle vascular layer of the eye?

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

127
Q

What makes up the inner sensory layer of the eye?

128
Q

Where are aqueous humour and vitreous humour found in the eye?

A

Aqueous - Anterior segment Watery fluid

Vitreous - Posterior segment Gel like

129
Q

What secretes aqueous humour?

A

Ciliary body

130
Q

What are the three intrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Ciliaris
Constrictor pupillae
Dilator pupillae

131
Q

What is the action and the innervation of the ciliaris?

A

Accomodation

Parasympathetic via CN III

132
Q

What is the action and the innervation of the constrictor pupillae?

A

Constricts the pupil

Parasympathetic via CN III

133
Q

What is the action and the innervation of the dilator pupillae?

A

Dilates the pupil

Sympathetic innervation

134
Q

What are the six extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A 
Superior Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Medial Rectus
Lateral Rectus
Superior Oblique
Inferior Oblique
135
Q

What is the trochlea?

A

Ligamentous ring that holds the superior oblique in place

136
Q

What are the actions of the superior rectus?

A

Elevation
Adduction
Intorsion

137
Q

What are the actions of the inferior rectus?

A

Depression
Adduction
Extorsion

138
Q

What is the action of the medial rectus?

139
Q

What is the action of the lateral rectus?

140
Q

What are the actions of the superior oblique?

A

Depression
Abduction
Intorsion

141
Q

What are the actions of the inferior oblique?

A

Elevation
Abduction
Extorsion

142
Q

What muscle doesn’t arise from the posterior aspect of the orbit?

A

Inferior oblique

143
Q

What stops the over-ad/abduction of the eye?

A

Medial & Lateral check ligaments

144
Q

What is the opthalmic artery a division of and what does it supply?

A

ICA

Orbit & Eye

145
Q

What type of joints are found between the ossicles in the ear?

146
Q

What are the three middle ear bones (ossicles)?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

147
Q

What ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus body (handle)

148
Q

What ossicle is in contact with the oval window?

149
Q

What two muscles are related to the ossicles?

A

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

150
Q

What is the role of the tensor tympani?

A

Dampens sound

151
Q

What is the role of the stapedius?

A

Stabilises the stapes

152
Q

Which part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner ear lie?

A

Petrous part

153
Q

What fluid lies within the bony labyrinth?

154
Q

What fluid lies within the membranous labyrinth?

155
Q

What are the six groups of lymph nodes of the face and scalp?

A 
Parotid nodes
Buccal
Submental
Submandibular
Mastoid
Occipital
156
Q

What do the parotid nodes drain?

A

Scalp around parotid gland
Lateral parts of the eyelids
Middle ear

157
Q

What do the buccal nodes drain?

158
Q

What do the submental lymph nodes drain?

A

Anterior tongue tip

Central part of the mouth and chin

159
Q

What do the submandibular lymph nodes drain? (8)

A 
Front of scalp
Nose
Lips
Air sinuses
Teeth
Anterior tongue
Floor of the mouth
Efferent lymphatics from submental nodes
160
Q

What do the mastoid nodes drain?

A

Middle region of the scalp and E.A.M.

161
Q

What do the occipital nodes drain?

A

Back of the scalp

162
Q

What are the five groups of lymph nodes in the neck?

A 
Anterior cervical 
Superficial cervical
Retropharyngeal
Laryngeal
Tracheal
163
Q

What do the anterior cervical nodes drain?

A

Superficial structures of anterior neck

164
Q

What do the superficial cervical nodes drain?

A

Parotid nodes
Angle of mandible
Structures at junction of face, scalp and neck

165
Q

What do the laryngeal nodes drain?

A

Larynx and adjacent structures

166
Q

What do tracheal nodes drain?

A

Trachea and thyroid gland

167
Q

What bone forms the boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid

168
Q

What bones form the floor of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid

Temporal

169
Q

What four bones meet at the pterion?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Sphenoid
Temporal

170
Q

What bone forms the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?

171
Q

What structure passes through the foramen of the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory nerve

172
Q

What structure(s) passes through the optic foramen?

A

Optic nerve & Opthalmic arteries

173
Q

What structure(s) passes through the supeior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IV, V1, VI & Opthalmic veins

174
Q

What structure(s) passes through the foramen rotundum?

175
Q

What structure(s) passes through the foramen ovale?

A

CN V3 & Accessory meningeal artery

176
Q

What structure(s) passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein

Meningeal branch of CN V3

177
Q

What structure(s) passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

ICA and accompanying sympathetic and venous plexuses

178
Q

What structure(s) passes through the carotid canal?

A

Great petrosal nerve

Petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery

179
Q

What structure(s) passes through the internal acoustic foramen?

A

CN VII, VIII & Labyrinth artery

180
Q

What structure(s) passes through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X & II
Posterior meningeal artery
IJV
Inferior petronal and sigmoid sinuses

181
Q

What structure(s) passes through the hypoglossal canal?

182
Q

What structure(s) passes through the foramen magnum?

A 
Medulla & Meninges
Vertebral arteries
CN XI
DUral veins
Spinal arteries
183
Q

What artery makes the groove lateral to the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

184
Q

In what bone is the sella turnica found?

185
Q

Which foramen lies immediately anterior to the groove for the cavernous sinus?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

186
Q

What type of ossification occurs in the flat bones of the vault of the skull?

A

Intramenbranous ossification

187
Q

What type of ossification occurs in the irregular bones of the base of the skull?

A

Endochondrial ossification

188
Q

What are fontanelles and why are they relevant in infants?

A

Soft membranous gaps (Sutures) between cranial bones

Still open in infants

189
Q

At what age do the anterior and posterior fontanelles fuse?

A

Anterior - Two years

Posterior - First 2-3 months

190
Q

What type of epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

191
Q

What muscle fibres under lies the pithelium of the tongue?

A

Skeletal muscle fibres

192
Q

What salivary gland secretes a predominantly serous secretion?

193
Q

What salivary gland secretes a mixed serous and mucous secretion?

A

Submandibular

194
Q

What salivary gland secretes a mucous secretion?

A

Sublingual

Head & Neck - Anatomy (2 decks)

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