Head Neck and Spine 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 main functions of the neck?
- Structural - it supports and moves the head
- Visceral function - contains the airway and oesophagus.
- Conduit for blood vessels and nerves.
What is fascia and what is its clinical significance?
- Fascia is a connective tissue mainly composed of collagen fibres and it organises the body into different compartments
- Important clinically as it stops the spread of infection within compartments
What are the names of the fascia and compartments in this diagram?
- Superficial
What are the names of the following contents of the neck fascia?
Name the structures
- Borders of the anterior triangle are the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the midline of the neck and the inferior border of the mandible.
- Borders of the posterior triangle are the posterior aspects of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior border of the trapezius muscle and the clavicle.
What does the anterior triangle of the neck contain?
Muscles such as:
- Platysma
- Mylohyoid
- Digastric
- Infrahyoid (strap) muscles
Blood vessels:
Carotid arteries
What does the posterior triangle of the neck contain?
Mainly blood vessels and nerves:
- External jugular vein
- Subclavian artery
- Subclavian vein
- Trunks of the brachial plexus (nerves)
- Phrenic nerve - supplies diaphragm
- Vagus nerve - functions in both respiratory, cardiovascular and GI tract
- Spinal accessory nerve
Nerves of the posterior triangle of the neck
- Accesory nerve - supplies sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscle
Principle blood supply to the neck
What are the muscles of the face also known as and why?
Muscles of facial expression because they can control our expressions.
What can the muscles of the faces do?
- They can act to dilate or constrict the orifices of the face such as the eyes and the nose.
What subgroups can you group facial muscles into?
- Oral
- Nasal
- Orbital
What cranial nerve innervates the facial muscles?
- Cranial nerve 7 known as the facial nerve
- Oribital muscles contract to constrict and close the eyelids
Branches of CN7 that innervate facial expression muscles.
- Facial nerve divides up in the substance of the parotid gland but it doesn’t innervate the parotid gland.
- This is clinically relevant because removal of the parotid can also impact the function of the facial expression muscles if CN7 occurs. Can lead to paralysis of facial muscles on one side of the face.
Anatomy of the mandible and temporomandibular joint.
- TMJs are synovial joints on either side of the head
- Allow for mastication (opening and closing of the mouth for chewing)
- Muscles that move the mandible are known as muscles of mastication and are innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN5)
Superficial muscles of the mandible
Deeper muscles of the mandible
Bones of the orbits
Innervation of the orbit
Extraocular muscles (muscles that move the eyeball)
- Rectus muscles have a common origin common tendinous ring
- Mainly supplied by CN3 oculomotor nerve except for the lateral rectus muscle which is supplied by the abducens nerve CN6.
- Both oblique muscles arise from the orbital surface of the maxilla (inferior) body of the sphenoid bone (superior)
- They exert into the outer posterior quadrant for the inferior surface of the inferior oblique and the superior surface for the superior oblique.
- They ^ are supplied by the oculomotor nerve CN3 for the inferior oblique and the trochlear nerve for the superior oblique.
- Levator palpebrae superiors move the eyelid and is made up of smooth muscle fibres innervated by sympathetic nerves and voluntary muscle fibres innervated by oculomotor nerve CN3.
Eye movement
How is the isolated movement of the eye muscles different from the way they are tested clinically?
- Two muscles move eyes upwards and downwards so the eye must be positioned to give a particular muscle an advantage before testing it.
- For eg for SR ask for movement outwards then Upwards
- Adducted is towards nose, abducted is towards the side
Nerves of the orbit
Watch the video and add specifics
Cavernous sinus
Clinically relevant because of the spread of infection through this into the cranial cavity for example in facial injuries.
Lacrimal system
- Involved in the production, movement and drainage of fluid from the surface of the eye.
- The fluid is drained through the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct which empties into the nasal cavity
- The lacrimal gland receives parasympathetic secretor moto fibres via CN7 facial nerve
- Excess fluid
