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LR ENT > Head & Neck Anatomy > Flashcards

Head & Neck Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two regions of the cranium (skull)?

A
  • Neurocranium (surrounds brain)

- Viscerocranium (makes up facial skeleton)

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2
Q

The pterion is the junction betwee which 4 cranial bones?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid

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3
Q

What features are distinct to the cervical vertebrae? (3)

A
  • Bifid spinous process
  • Triangular vertebral foramen
  • Transverse foramina (holes in transverse processes)
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4
Q

What unique features are found in C1 (atlas)? (3)

A
  • Two lateral masses that articulate with the occipital condyles
  • No vertebral body
  • No spinous process
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5
Q

What unique feature is found in C2 (axis)? (2)

A
  • The dens/ odontoid process

extends from the anterior portion of the vertebra and up into the anterior arch of atlas

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6
Q

Name 2 foramina found in the anterior cranial fossa

A
  • Greater palatine foramen

- Lesser palatine foramen

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7
Q

Name 5 foramina found in the middle cranial fossa

A
  • Superior orbital fissure
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • External acoustic meatus
  • Stylomastoid foramen
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8
Q

Name 4 foramina found in the posterior cranial fossa

A
  • Jugular foramen
  • Foramen magnum
  • Internal acoustic meatus
  • Hypoglossal canal
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9
Q

What are the 3 regions of the nose and nasal cavity?

A
  • Nasal vestibules
  • Respiratory regions of the nasal cavity
  • Olfactory regions of the nasal cavity
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10
Q

What cell type makes up the mucosa of the nasal vestibules?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

transition from keratinised skin to non-keratinised nasal cavity

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11
Q

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

A

Cause airflow to become turbulent which allows it to stay in the nasal cavity for longer before moving towards the lungs

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12
Q

The superior and middle conchae are projections of which cranial bone?

A

The ethmyoid bone

the inferior concha is its own bone

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13
Q

What is the sphenoethmoidal recess?

A

The space above the superior nasal concha, between the ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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14
Q 
What is the... 
superior meatus
middle meatus
inferior meatus
?
A

Superior meatus: space between the superior and middle conchae

Middle meatus: space between the middle and inferior conchae

Inferior meatus: space between the inferior choncha and the floor of the nasal cavity

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15
Q

Name the 4 bilateral pairs of paranasal sinuses that communicate with the nasal cavity

A
  • Frontal sinus
  • Ethmoidal air cells
  • Sphenoid sinus
  • Maxillary sinus
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16
Q

The paranasal sinuses are lined with olfactory epithelium. T/F?

A

False

They are lined with respiratory epithelium

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17
Q

What are the 2 functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Reduce the weight of the skull

- Assist with the resonance of the voice

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18
Q

Inflammation of the mucosa of the paranasal sinuses can lead to what condition?

A

Sinusitis

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19
Q

How might the paranasal sinuses be useful in surgery?

A

To gain access to deeper areas of the skull

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20
Q

What 5 structures drain into the nasal cavity?

A
  • The 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses

- The nasolacrimal duct

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21
Q

What structure drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess?

A

The sphenoid sinus

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22
Q

What structure drains into the superior meatus?

A

The posterior ethmoidal air cells

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23
Q

What 4 structures drain into the middle meatus and through what 2 features do they drain?

A

Semilunar hiatus:

  • Frontal sinus
  • Maxillary sinus
  • Anterior ethmoidal air cells

Ethmoidal bulla:
-Middle ethmoidal air cells

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24
Q

What structure drains into the inferior meatus?

A

The nasolacrimal duct

25
Q

What are the borders of the nasopharynx?

A
  • Posterior to nasal cavity (choanae)

- Soft palate

26
Q

What are the borders of the oropharynx?

A
  • Soft palate

- Superior border of epiglottis

27
Q

What are the borders of the laryngopharynx?

A
  • Superior border of epiglottis

- Inferior border of cricoid cartilage

28
Q

Name the 9 cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Epiglottis
  • Arytenoids x2
  • Corniculate x2
  • Cuneiforms x2
29
Q

Which is the only cartilage of the laryngeal skeleton which is not made up of hyaline cartilage?

A

The epiglottis (which is elastic cartilage)

30
Q

What are the 3 regions of the internal larynx?

A
  • Laryngeal vestibule
  • Laryngeal ventricle
  • Infraglottic region
31
Q

The laryngeal vestibule and ventricle are known collectively as the…?

A

Supraglottis

due to their locations above the vocal cords

32
Q

The ‘Adam’s apple’ is actually called…

A

The laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage

33
Q

Name the 2 major joints of the laryngeal skeleton

A
  • Cricoarytenoid joint

- Cricothyroid joint

34
Q 
At which cervical level would you find the...
-Hyoid bone
-Laryngeal prominence
-Cricoid cartilage
...?
A
  • Hyoid bone: C3
  • Laryngeal prominence: C4-5
  • Cricoid cartilage: C6
35
Q

The oral cavity is divided into 2 regions called the…?

A

Oral vestibule

Oral cavity proper

36
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral vestibule?

A

The internal surface of the lips and the external surface of the teeth

37
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity proper?

A

The internal surface of the teeth and the oropharynx

38
Q

The hard palate is made up of which 2 cranial bones?

A

The maxillae and the palatine bones

39
Q

What is the vallecula and why is it of clinical importance?

A

The space between the base of the tongue and the anterior aspect of the epiglottis

When placing a laryngoscope, the laryngoscope blade should be located in the vallecula

40
Q

Name the plexus which is the main vascular supply to the nasal cavity

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus (aka Little’s area)

41
Q

What 5 arteries contribute to Kiesselbach’s plexus?

A
  • Anterior ethmoidal artery
  • Posterior ethmoidal artery
  • Sphenopalatine artery
  • Greater palatine artery
  • Septal branch of superior labial artery
42
Q

What artery are the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries derived from?

A

The ophthalmic artery

one of the first branches of the internal carotid

43
Q

Through what foraminae do the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries enter the nasal cavity?

A

The anterior and posterior ethmoidal foraminae

44
Q

What artery are the sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries derived from?

A

The maxillary artery

one of the terminal branches of the external carotid

45
Q

Through what foramina does the sphenopalatine artery enter the nasal cavity?

A

The sphenopalatine foramen

46
Q

Through what foramina does the greater palatine artery enter the nasal cavity?

A

The incisive foramen

47
Q

What makes the incisive foramen unique?

A

It is a single midline foramen in the maxilla

48
Q

What artery is the septal branch of the superior labial artery derived from?

A

The facial artery

49
Q

How do the nasal conchae assist sense of smell?

A

They create turbulent air that stays in the nasal cavity for longer, allowing air more time to reach the receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium

50
Q

Describe the olfactory pathway from the receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium to the temporal lobe and olfactory areas in the brain

A
  • Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium pass up through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
  • They synapse with the olfactory bulb (ganglia)
  • Neurons travel along the olfactory tract to the temporal lobe and olfactory areas of the brain
51
Q

Describe the olfactory pathway from the receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium to the temporal lobe and olfactory areas in the brain

A
  • Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium pass up through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
  • They synapse with the olfactory bulb (ganglia)
  • Neurons travel along the olfactory tract to the temporal lobe and olfactory areas of the brain
52
Q

Which cranial nerve is involved in the process of olfaction and what is its modality?

A

CN I - the olfactory nerve

Modality - special sensory (smell)

53
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies general somatic sensation (e.g., pain, touch, temperature) to the…
-Anterosuperior aspect
-Posteroinferior aspect
… of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Anterosuperior aspect: CN V1 - ophthalmic division of trigeminal
  • Posteroinferior aspect: CN V2 - maxillary division of trigeminal
54
Q

Which particular branches of these nerves supplies the nasal cavity?

  • Anterosuperior aspect: CN V1 - ophthalmic division of trigeminal
  • Posteroinferior aspect: CN V2 - maxillary division of trigeminal
A
  • Anterosuperior aspect: CN V1 - ophthalmic division of trigeminal
  • > ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL NERVE
  • Posteroinferior aspect: CN V2 - maxillary division of trigeminal
  • > NASOPALATINE NERVE
55
Q

What foramina do these nerves travel through to enter the nasal cavity?

  • Anterior ethmoidal nerve
  • Nasopalatine nerve
A
  • Anterior ethmoidal nerve: anterior ethmoidal foramen

- Nasopalatine nerve: sphenopalatine foramen

56
Q

Which other foramina does the nasopalatine nerve travel through to supply the hard palate?

A

The incisor foramen

57
Q

The 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve converge at which structure?

A

The trigeminal ganglion

58
Q

The trigeminal ganglion sends axons down to which structure in the brain?

A

The pons

LR ENT (3 decks)

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