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Anatomy > Head & Neck > Flashcards

Head & Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Neurocranium

A

The protective shell surrounding the brain and brain stem

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2
Q

Viscerocranium

A

The facial Skeleton - formed by the bones supporting the face

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3
Q

A patient is seen in ED following a blow to the side of the head. CT demonstrates a fracture at the site of the pterion and a haematoma between the skull and dura mater. Which vessel is the most likely source of the bleeding?

A

A fracture of the pterion can damage the middle meningeal artery. Blood may collect between the skull and underlying dura mater - forming an extradural haematoma

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4
Q

Which cranial suture joins the two parietal bones?

A

The sagittal suture joins the two parietal bones. The coronal suture lies between the parietal and frontal bones, and the lambdoid suture joins the parietal and occipital bones.

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5
Q

Which fracture type describes a widening of a cranial suture?

A

A diastatic fracture occurs along a suture line, causing a widening of the suture. They are most often seen in children.

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6
Q

Complete the sentence: The frontal fontanelle represents the junction of the ____________ and ___________ sutures

A

There are two fontanelles in the neonate: frontal (junction of coronal and sagittal sutures) and occipital (junction of sagittal and lambdoid sutures).

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7
Q

The 14 Bones of the Facial Skeleton - viscerocranium

A
  • Zygomatic (2)
  • Lacrimal (2)
  • Nasal (2)
  • Inferior nasal conchae (2)
  • Palatine (2)
  • Maxilla (2)
  • Vomer
  • Mandible (jaw bone) temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
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8
Q

Where is the Coronal Suture located?

A

Between the frontal bone and the anterior portion of the partial bones.

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9
Q

Where is the Saggital Suture located?

A

Between the medial edges the parietal bones.

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10
Q

Where is the Lambdoid Suture located?

A

Between the occipital bone and the posterior edges of the parietal bones.

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11
Q

Where is the Squamous Suture located?

A
  • one between the temporal bone and the lateral parietal bone
  • and the second, at the edges of the occipital and sphenoid bones on each side of the skull.
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12
Q

The pterion:

A

a ‘H-shaped’ junction between temporal, parietal, frontal and sphenoid bones. The thinnest part of the skull. A fracture here can lacerate the middle meningeal artery (anterior branch), resulting in a extradural haematoma.

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13
Q

Anterior cranial fossa:

A

Depression of skull formed by frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones.

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14
Q

Middle cranial fossa:

A

Depression formed by sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones.

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15
Q

Posterior cranial fossa:

A

Depression formed by squamous and mastoid temporal bone, plus occipital bone.

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16
Q

Four types of Cranial Fractures:

A

Depressed

Linear

Basal skull

Diastatic

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17
Q

Depressed

A

fracture of the bone with depression of the bone inwards. They occur as a result of a direct blow, causing skull indentation, with possible underlying brain injury.

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18
Q

Linear

A

a simple break in the bone, traversing its full thickness. They have radiating (stellate) fracture lines away from the point of impact. The most common type of cranial fracture.

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19
Q

Basal Skull

A

affects the base of the skull. They characteristically present with bruising behind the ears, known as Battle’s sign (mastoid ecchymosis) or bruising around the eyes/orbits, known as Raccoon eye’s.

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20
Q

Diastatic

A

fracture that occurs along a suture line, causing a widening of the suture. They are most often seen in children.

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21
Q

Battle’s sign

A

bruising behind the ears, known as Battle’s sign (mastoid ecchymosis)

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22
Q

Raccoon eye’s

A

bruising around the eyes/orbits

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23
Q

Which of the following bones contributes to the calvarium of the skull?

A

The calvarium forms the roof of the skull and is comprised of the frontal, occipital and two parietal bones.

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24
Q

in the anterior cranial fossa, the Frontal Crest acts as a site of attachment for?

A

the falx cerebri

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25
Q

in the anterior cranial fossa, the crest Galli acts as a site of attachment for?

A

the falx cerebri

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26
Q

Fontanelles

A

In neonates, the incompletely fused suture joints give rise to membranous gaps between the bones

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27
Q

thefrontal fontanelle

A

located at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures

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28
Q

theoccipital fontanelle

A

located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures

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29
Q

maxillofacial fracture

A

is one that affects the maxillae bones. This requires a trauma with a large amount of force. Facial fractures affecting the maxillary bones can be identified using the Le Fort classification, depending on the bones involved, ranging from 1 to 3 (most serious).

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30
Q

nasal bones

A

are most frequently fractured, due to their prominent position at the bridge of the nose.

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31
Q

anterior cranial fossa bounding:

A
  1. anteriorly and laterally by inner surface of frontal lobe
  2. posteriorly and medially –> limbus of the sphenoid bone
  3. posteriorly and laterally–>lesser wings of sphenoid bone
  4. The floor - consists of the frontal bone, ethmoid bone & anterior of body and of lesser wings of sphenoid bone
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32
Q

Ethmoid bone contains main foramina of the anterior cranial fossa and two larger foramen:

A

Anterior ethmoidal foramen: transmits the anterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein

Posterior ethmoidal foramen:
transmits the posterior artery, nerve and vein

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33
Q

Anosmia

A

the olfactory nerve fibres run through the cribriform plate, and can be “sheared” resulting in loss of sense of smell

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34
Q

CSF rhinorrhea:

A

the fragments of bone can tear the meningeal coverings of the brain, causing leakage of cerebrospinal fluid into the nasal cavity - visible as a clear fluid

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35
Q

3 parts of sella turcica

A

tuberculum sella, hypophyseal fossa or pituitary fossa and dorsum sella

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36
Q

Tuberculum sella,

A

the horn of the saddle

  • anterior wall of sella turcica
  • posterior aspect of chiasmatic sulcus
37
Q

Hypophyseal or Pituitary Fossa

A

the seat of the saddle

  • middle of sella turcica
  • depression in body of sphenoid => holds pituitary gland
38
Q

Dorsum Sella

A

back of the saddle

  • posterior wall of sella turcica
  • seperates middle cranial fossa and posterior clinoid processes
39
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

relating to the tongue and pharynx

40
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

8th cranial Nerve - transmits sound and equilibrium information from the inner ear to the brain

41
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A

each of the 4th pair of cranial nerve - supplying the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball

42
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

each of the 1st pair of Cranial Nerves - supplying the smell receptors of the mucous membrane in the nose.

43
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

a sheet of dura mater that divides the two cerebral hemispheres.

44
Q

tentorium cerebelli:

A

a sheet of dura mater that divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum

45
Q

foramina

A

openings that transmit vessels and nerves

46
Q

the greater petrosal nerve

A

a branch of the facial nerve

47
Q

the lesser petrosal nerve

A

a branch of the glossypharyngeal nerve

48
Q

deep petrosal nerve

A

a branch of the internal carotid plexus which runs through the carotid canal lateral to the internal carotid artery.

49
Q

endoscopic transsphenoidal approach

A

The transsphenoidal approach is the least traumatic nasal route to the sella turcica, avoids the need for brain retraction, and offers improved visualization of the surgical field.

50
Q

meningitis

A

Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord. The swelling from meningitis typically triggers symptoms such as headache, fever and a stiff neck.

51
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

is an uncommon disorder that causes an imbalance of fluids in the body. This imbalance makes you very thirsty even if you’ve had something to drink. It also leads you to produce large amounts of urine.

52
Q

haemorrhage

A

an escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, especially when profuse.

53
Q

Which structure forms the anterolateral border of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Lesser wing of the sphenoid bone: The anterolateral border of the middle cranial fossa is formed by the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. These are two triangular projections of bone that arise from the central sphenoid body.

54
Q

Contribute to the floor of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Greater wing of the sphenoid

Squamous part of the temporal bone

Petrous part of the temporal bone

55
Q

Travels through superior orbital fissure

A

Oculomotor nerve CNIII
Trochlear Nerve CNIV
Abducens Nerve CNVI

56
Q

Travels through Optic Canal

A

Optic Nerve (CNII): The optic nerves travel through the optic canal.

57
Q

the middle meningeal artery travel through?

A

Foramen spinosum: The middle meningeal artery does travel through the foramen spinosum.

58
Q

Which sinus can be used to access the pituitary gland in surgery?

A

Sphenoid Sinus

59
Q

The sella turcica is surrounded by

A

the anterior and posterior clinoid processes, which serve as attachment points for the tentorium cerebelli.

60
Q

The foramen spinosum transmits

A

the middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein and a meningeal branch of CN V3. CNV2 travels through the foramen rotundum.

61
Q

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve CN V2 travels through

A

Foramen Rotundum

62
Q

Which cartilage-filled foramen forms at the junction between the sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones?

A

The foramen lacerum forms at the junction of the sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones. It is filled with cartilage, which is pierced only by small blood vessels.

63
Q

Major Foramina of the temporal Bone

A

Hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve

Hiatus of the lesser petrosal nerve

Carotid canal

64
Q

The foramen Rotundum

A

a foramina located in the sphenoid bone that transmits the maxillary branch of the trigeminal CN V2

65
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa houses

A

Brainstem and cerebellum

66
Q

Borders of Posterior Cranial Fossa 3 bones

A

Occipital and two temporal bones

67
Q

Bounding of Posterior Cranial Fossa

A
  • anterior and medially by the dorsum of the sella of the sphenoid bone
  • anterior and laterally by superior border of the petrous of the temporal bone
  • posteriorly by squamous and occipital
    floor: mastoid part of the temporal bone and the squamous, condylar and basilar parts of the occipital bone
68
Q

medulla oblogata (medulla)

A

medulla is a long stem-like structure which makes up part of the brainstem. It is anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions ranging from vomiting to sneezing.

69
Q

the internal acoustic meatus

A

(Temporal Bone)Transmits the facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) and labyrinthine artery

70
Q

Labyrinthine Artery

A

The labyrinthine artery (auditory artery, internal auditory artery) is a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (85–100% cases) or basilar artery (<15% cases). It accompanies the vestibulocochlear nerve through the internal acoustic meatus, and supplies blood to the internal ear.

71
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

(Occipital Bone)

Transmits the medulla of the brain, meninges

72
Q

clivus

A

connects the foramen magnum with the dorsal sella

73
Q

Meninges

A

3 membranes: dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater

- line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the spinal cord and the brain

74
Q

coning

A

Downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum – Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation

75
Q

Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation

A

Herniation of this type results in death from cardiorespiratory arrest: Cerebellar tonsillar herniation results in the compression of the pons and medulla, which contain the cardiac and respiratory centres.

76
Q

Makes up the floor of posterior cranial fossa

A

Mastoid part of temporal bone & Squamous

Condylar part of occipital bone

Basilar part of occipital bone

77
Q

Part of the Jugular Foramina

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Internal jugular vein

Vagus nerve

Each transmits the glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, spinal accessory nerve (descending), internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus and meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries

78
Q

In cerebellar tonsilar herniation, what are the cerebellar tonsils displaced through?

A

Foramen Magnum

79
Q

Passes through Foramen Magnum

A

Medulla of the brain

Vertebral arteries

Dural veins

Ascending spinal accessory nerveCNXI

80
Q

Travels through Jugular Foramen

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Descending spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

81
Q

Bifurcation

A

the division into two branches

82
Q

bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk

A

subclavian arteries and right common carotid artery

83
Q

left common carotid

A

branches off arch of aorta

84
Q

the posterior auricular nerve

A

the posterior auricular nerve arises from the facial nerve close to the stylomastoid foramen and runs upward in front of the mastoid process; here it is joined by a filament from the auricular branch of the vagus and communicates with the posterior branch of the great auricular as well as with the lesser occipital.

85
Q

Functions Of the Cerebral Lobes

A

Frontal: affects motor control, expressive speech, personality, and drive

Parietal: affects sensory input, representation and integration, and receptive speech

Occipital: affects visual input and processing

Temporal: affects auditory input and memory integration

86
Q

Circle of willis

A

The circle of Willis encircles the stalk of the pituitary gland and provides important communications between the blood supply of the forebrain and hindbrain

Anterior communicating artery
Anterior cerebral arteries
Internal carotid arteries
Posterior communicating arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries
87
Q

Bell Palsy

A

Paralysis of Facial Muscles

Injury to the facial nerve (CN VII) or its branches produces paralysis of some or all facial muscles on the affected side (Bell palsy).
The affected area sags and facial expression is distorted, making it appear passive or sad. The loss of tonus of the orbicularis oculi causes the inferior eyelid to evert (fall away from the surface of the eyeball). As a result, lacrimal fluid is not spread over the cornea, preventing adequate lubrication, hydration, and flushing of the surface of the cornea. This makes it vulnerable to ulceration. A resulting corneal scar can impair vision. If the injury weakens or paralyzes the buccinator and orbicularis oris, food will accumulate in the oral vestibule during chewing, usually requiring continual removal with a finger.

88
Q

exophthalmos

A

protrusion of the eye

89
Q

The labyrinthine artery

A

(auditory artery, internal auditory artery) is a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (85–100% cases) or basilar artery (<15% cases).

  • It accompanies the vestibulocochlear nerve through the internal acoustic meatus, and supplies blood to the internal ear.

Anatomy (2 decks)

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