Head & Neck 1 Flashcards
The bones that contribute to the nasal septum are…
- Nasal, maxillary and palatine bones
- Ethmoid and vomer bones
- The anterior portion of the nasal septum is made of hyaline cartilage
Concha means shells
Concha or Turbinates
Superior nasal concha (turbinate)
Middle nasal concha (turbinate)
Inferior nasal concha (turbinate)
- Shell-like structures
- Bony projections inside nasal cavity
- Superior and middle concha come from Ethmoid bone
- Inferior Nasal Concha belongs to Maxillary bone
The 3 paired turbinates are located on the lateral nasal wall. The superior and middle turbinates are part of the ethmoid bone, whereas the inferior turbinates form a separate and unique bone.
Purpose of concha / turbinates
To warm up and humidfy air as it passes through the nose through creating a turbulence effect
&
Trapping foreign particles entering our nose to avoid airway entrance
How many paranasal sinuses and what are they?
4 paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity
- The maxillary sinuses - located under the eyes
- The frontal sinuses are above the eyes
- The ethmoidal sinuses are between the eyes
- The sphenoidal sinuses are behind the eyes
Purpose of Paranasal Sinuses (stilll unknown - many likley purposes)
- Lightening the weight of the head
- Humidifying & heating inhaled air
- Increasing the resonance of speech
- Serving as a crumple zone to protect vital structures in the event of facial trauma.
Mentioned in lecture: minor role: (the rest of reasons are unlikely
- Olfactory function (in certain mammals) MINOR ROLE
- Respiratory/ thermoregulatory function (heating and humidifying air/trapping particles) MINOR ROLE
Evolutionary remnants (vestigial) MORE LIKELY - *supposedly*
Paranasal sinuses Diagram
Paranasal sinuses diagram
Paranasal sinuses diagram
Sphenoidal Sinus most posterior
Frontal (coronal) plane of the head with regards to sinuses
The mandibular canal is a canal within the…
…mandible that contains the inferior alveolar nerve, inferior alveolar artery & inferior alveolar vein
Maxillary, frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses all drain through…
Connections of sinuses with nasal cavity
canals (infundibula- plural) into the middle meatus
*specifically in the semilunar hiatus (groove) through openings called ostia (ostium- singular).
The middle ethmoidal air cells drain into the…
Connections of sinuses with nasal cavity
the ethmoidal bulla (prominence) of the middle meatus
The posterior ethmoidal air cells drain into the…
Connections of sinuses with nasal cavity
superior meatus
The sphenoidal sinuses drain into the…
Connections of sinuses with nasal cavity
spheno-ethmoidal (nasal) recess
(superior to the superior concha)
Important General Diagram + interesting question
Why the nose starts to run when a person is crying?
The nasolacrimal duct opens in the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
Maxillary sinuses are supplied by…
…branches of the maxillary artery
Frontal sinuses & Ethmoidal sinuses & Sphenoidal sinuses are supplied by…
…branches of the ophthalmic artery
Maxillary sinus innervation is via…
Alveolar branches of the maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
The maxillary sinuses are the only sinuses that….
Drain superiorly into the nasal cavity via a vertical/diagonal canal
Infections in the naval cavity is caused by…
Obstruction of these sinuses and mucus + foreign particles remaining trapped
This picture shows a coronal slice of a CT scan evidencing the maxillary sinuses
Endoscopic Maxillary Sinus surgery (or Functional Endoscopic sinus surgery)
The removal of the uncinate process to:
- To expose the infundibulum
- Enlarge the passage between the nasal cavity & the maxillary sinuses
(To make sure your still awake ;)
The grooves between conchas are the…
Meatus
Anatomy of Ethmoid Bone
The pharynx has how many divisions or parts?
3
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx (or hypopharynx)
Nasopharynx
(vertberae level + where it is found (+ strucuture) + functions + what it contains)
(C1 to C2)
The nasopharynx is found between the nasal choanae (back of nasal cavity) & the soft palate (and C1). Continuous with the nasal cavity.
Functions:
- Functions in respiration (Nasopharynx is lined with respiratory epithelium) - conditioning inspired air & propagating it into the larynx
Contains:
- Contains opening of eustachian (auditory) tube (pharyngotympanic tube)
- Contains adenoid (pharyngeal tonsils) - have immune function
Oropharynx
(vertberae level + where it is found (+ strucuture) + functions + what it contains)
(C2 to C3)
The oropharynx is the middle part of the pharynx, located between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis
Contains:
- Contains the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, the lingual tonsils & the Palatine tonsils as well as the superior constrictor muscle
Functions:
- Involved in the voluntary and involuntary phases of swallowing
Laryngopharynx (or hypopharynx)
(vertberae level + where it is found (+ strucuture) + functions + what it contains)
(C4 to C6)
The most distal part of the pharynx, the laryngopharynx is located between the superior border of the epiglottis & inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)
It is continuous inferiorly with the oesophagus
The laryngopharynx contains the middle & inferior pharyngeal constrictors
Functions in digestion & respiration
The pharynx has two main groups of pharyngeal muscles, what are they?
What type of muscles are pharyngeal muscles?
Longitudinal | Circular or constrictor muscles
Voluntary Striated Muscles
How many constrictor muscles are there?
What are they called?
3
(superior, middle, inferior constrictor)
Where do they span from & to?
Which nerve are they mostly innervated by?
(Pharyngeal muscles)
They span from the nasopharynx down to the oesophagus
Most innervated by the vagus nerve
Pharyngeal muscles function
They act to constrict the pharynx to deliver a bolus of food into the oesophagus
How many Longitudinal Muscles are there?
What are they called?
(Pharyngeal muscles)
3
Stylopharyngeus | Palatopharyngeus | Salpingopharyngeus - muscles
Longitudinal Muscles function?
Which nerve are they innervated by?
(Pharyngeal muscles)
They act to shorten & widen the pharynx & elevate the larynx during swallowing/deglutition.
The muscles of the pharynx are mostly innervated by the Vagus nerve –
⚠️ ONLY EXCEPTION: Stylopharyngeus muscle (Glossopharyngeal nerve)
What Longitudinal muscle is innervated by the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
(Pharyngeal muscles)
Stylopharyngeus muscle
In addition to contributing to swallowing, what does the Salpingopharyngeus muscles also do?
(Pharyngeal muscles)
They open the Eustachian tube to equalise the pressure in the middle ear.
What structure seperates the nasopharynx & oropharynx?
Be sure to Look at the amazing 1 min vid slide 25 Head & Neck 1
Uvula
Pharynx vs Larynx Overview
