Head Features Flashcards
1) What is the skull made up of?
2) Describe the parts?
3) What is the calvaria?
4) What bones are formed intramembranously?
5) What bones are formed endochondrally?
6) What is situated within the temporal bone? What is this called?
7) What subdivide the nasal cavity? into what parts?
8) what are conchae?
1) bones of cranium and bones of the face
2) cranium houses the brain and encloses the cranial cavity
bones of the face include the mandible
3) roof of cranial cavity - frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal bone (forms zygomatic arch)
4) cranium and bones of face
5) base of skull
6) middle and inner ear in the petrous part of temporal bone
7) dorsal and ventral chonchae –> dorsal, middle, ventral and common nasal meati
8) very thin scrolls of bone –> fill nasal cavity, highly vascular and covered by mucosa
1) What are most joints in the skull?
2) What joints are in the calvaria?
3) What is the mandibular symphysis?
4) What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
5) What are other exs of that type of joint and what’s their fn?
1) fibrous
2) suture joints
3) fibrocartilaginous joint uniting right and left mandibles
4) a synovial joint that contains a meniscus
5) atlanto-ooccipital synovial joint (between atlas and occipital condyles - connects skull to vertebra) - “yes” motion
atlanto-axial synovival joint (btw atlas and axis - features dens) - “no” motion
1) What are the paranasal sinuses?
2) What do they help the head do?
3) What species are they more prominent in?
4) Name the two sinuses and their structures
5) If you wanted to increase the mass of the skull, what would you change?
1) hollowed out spaces in skull that create the diverticula of the nasal cavity - lined by nasal mucosa
- named for the bone that contains them
2) increase in size without weight
3) herbivores
4) frontal sinus - lateral, medical, and rostral compartments
maxillary recess (sinus) - contains lateral nasal gland
5) larger paranasal sinus
1) What is the hyoid appartus?
2) Where is it connected?
3) What does it provide for on its structure?
4) Where is it anchored?
1) chain of bones attached to skull
2) it is bilateral and connects at the midline by the basihyoid bone
3) provides muscle attachment sites for movement of tongue and larynx
4) rostrally by geniohyoideus and caudally by sternohyoideus
1) What is the mouth made up of?
2) What can the term mouth also be used to describe?
3) What is the oral cavity made up of? What is the boundary?
1) oral cavity and accessory structures (tongue and teeth)
2) just oral cleft - opening
3) boundary = teeth;
vestibule (outside teeth to edge of mouth):
labial vestibule (rostrally to lips) and
buccal vestibule (caudally to checks)
oral cavity proper (inside teeth) - communicates caudally with pharynx
4) What are some general characteristics of the cat and dog dental formula
5) What are the types of teeth? Describe their fns
6) Describe the surfaces per tooth
7) Which type has deciduous precursors?
4) incisors, canines, premolars (have deciduous teeth), molars
dog = 42 teeth (2 less than max #), M 2/.3
cat = 30, P 3/2
5) incisors - grasping, pinching, scratching, nipping
canines - “weapons” for tearing flesh during hunting and fighting
cheek teeth - shearing (esp upper P4 and lower M1) ; grinding molars relatively reduced (carnivores)
6) vestibular/buccal (faces vestibule), lingual (faces tongue), contact (faces adj tooth), occlusal/masticatory (used for chewing)
7) premolars
1) Describe some features of the tongue?
2) What are 3 main structures of the tongue?
3) Name the different papillae and their location
4) Whats unique about the cat tongue?
1) striated muscle, covered by mucosa, features papillae and taste buds
2) papillae, tongue muscles, lyssa
3) fungiform - dots (mushrooms) scattered among filliform, body/apex, few in number
vallate - circles towards back of body, form a “V”
foliate - on side of base of tonue (hard to distinguish)
***these three have taste buds
filliform - little nubbins/shingles like on body and apex
conical - pointed tip on back on tongue
***these two are mechanical
4) has spines used as a comb for grooming
5) What are the two muscle groups of the tongue?
6) What is the first gp responsible for?
7) What is the second gp responsible for?
8) Name the specific muscles of 2nd gp and fns?
9) What is the lyssa?`
5) intrinsic and extrinsic
6) forms tongue proper - curl, groove, bend
7) move tongue relative to skull
8) genioglossus (attaches to jaw) - protracts tongue
hyoglosus ( attaches to hyoid apparatus) - retracts tongue, pulls caudally and depresses
styloglossus ( attaches to styloid process ) - retracts tongue, pulls caudally and elevates
9) cylindrical fibrous tissues enveloping fat and muscle (located ventrally at apex)
1) What is the fn of the salivary glands?
2) What is it regulated by?
3) name the different glands and their duct location
4) What is the sublingual caruncle?
1) produces saliva to moisten food to facillitate swallowing and contains amylase to help start sugar breakdown
2) secretion is regulated by ANS (para and symp)
3) Parotid - duct –> upper bucal vestibule (upper P4)
Zygomatic (carnivores) - duct –> upper bucal vestibule (last upper tooth)
Mandibular - duct –> sublingual caruncle
Sublingual: monostomatic gland - duct –> sublingual caruncle
polystomatic gland - multiple ducts –> enter into oral cavity proper
buccal (cat) - caudal to last lower molar
- diffuse glandular tissue in cheeks, lips, tongue and soft palate –> produce saliva
4) flap of tissue on either side of the frenulum of tongue)
1) What is the pharynx?
2) What muscle is the pharynx made up of?
3) What does it subdivide into?
4) What are the two stages of swallowing?
5) What does the first stage involve?
6) What does the 2nd stage involve?
1) common digestive-respiratory chamber
2) wall of pharynx - striated muscle
3) 3 compartments - nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
4) voluntary initiation and mechanical-reflex completion
5) tongue acts as plunger to force bolus into oropharynx
6) bolus displaces soft palate –> stimulates reflexes (gag)
- palatopharyngeal arch shortens and closes access to nasopharynx
- bolus enters laryngopharynx –> larynx is pulled forward allowing epiglottis to close opening
- pharyngeal wall contracts –> move bolus into relaxed esophagus
1) What is another name for swallowing?
2) What is another name for regurgitation?
3) What is another name for eructation
4) What is involved in the process of #3 and #4?
1) deglutition
2) vomition
3) belching
4) increased intra-abdominal pressure adn stomach contraction
- chest expansion with closed glottis
- esophageal reverse peristalsis and reflex laryngeal closure
1) Where is esophagus located?
2) What is a main difference btw dog and cat structural-wise?
3) What is the larynx composed of?
4) What are the two groups of muscles and what innervates them?
5) What is the glottis?
6) What’s the difference btw the dog and cat?
1) extends from pharynx (pharyngoesophageal ridge) to stomach
2) entirely striated in dog; only cranially 2/3’s striated in cat
3) paired mobile cartilages: right and left arytenoid
three wall cartilages: epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid
4) intrinsic (moves vocal folds) and extrinsic skeletal muscles - innervated by vagus nerve (sensory too)
5) vocal folds (attached to vocal process which is caudal to laryngeal ventricle) and intervening cleft - closes to seal the opening into the trachea
6) dog has a true vocal fold (vocal ligament and vocalis m - laryngeal ventricle); cat has only a vocal ridge
0) What are lymph nodes?
1) Name some lymph nodes
2) What is the pathway of the lymphatics?
3) What are tonsils?
4) Name the tonsils in head
5) What is the difference between Afferent lymphatics and Efferent lymphatics
6) What do most species have?
0) collection of lymphatic tissue along lymphatic pathway
1) mandibular (several), parotid, medial (largest - drains entire head) and later retropharyngeal
2) Nodes and tonsils drain –> medial retropharyngeal lymph node –> tracheal (jugular) lymph duct –> terminates in brachiocephalic vein
3) lymphatic tissue in mucosa; lack Afferent lymphatics –> they are beginning of lymphatic pathway
4) palatine tonsil - compact, within fossa in wall of oropharynx (tonsilectomy)
lingual tonsil - diffuse, in root of tongue
pharyngeal tonsil diffuse, in dorsal wal of pharynx
tonsil of soft palate - diffuse, in soft palate
5) Afferent - bring lymph into node
Efferent - take lymph away from node
6) majority have diffuse tissue in tonsils, NOT compact
1) What are the major skeletal muscle groups?
2) What’s the muscles of mastication fn?
3) What nerve innervates?
4) Describe the two subgroups and individual muscles
5) What do the muscles of facial expression fn in and what innervates them?
1) muscles of mastication; muscles of facial expression; muscles of pharynx, larynx and esophagus; tongue muscles; extrinsic eye muscles
2) operate TMJ
3) Mandibular N. from Trigeminal N.
4) close jaw: temporal m ( horizontal), masseter m (vertical), medial and lateral pterygoid m (pull at angle)
open jaw: digastricus - and gravity
5) move nose, lips, eyelids, ears and skin (# of superficial m - rostra and caudal); Facial N.
6) What’s a feature of the muscles of pharynx, larynx and esophagus and their innervation?
7) Name the two groups of tongue muscles and their innervation
8) Discuss the extrinsic eye muscles (innervation subgroups and individual muscles)
6) striated; Vagus N. and Glossopharyngeal N.
7) intrinsic and extrinsic (1 protrudes, 2 contracts); Hypoglossal N.
8) 7 muscles:
Occulomotor N. : dorsal rectus (up), medial rectus (pull gaze medially), ventral rectus (down), ventral oblique (rotary muscles - med/lat)
Trochlear N. : dorsal oblique (rotary muscles - rostral/caudal)
Abducent N. : lateral rectus (pull gaze laterally), retractor bulbi (for 3rd eyelid - not in humans/primates)
1) What is the conjunctival sac
2) What is the palpebral conjunctiva?
3) What is the bulbar conjunctiva?
4) Does the cornea have conjunctive?
5) What are two names for the third eyelid?
1) cavity created by the lining of palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva
2) mucosa of eyelids
3) mucosa of sclera
4) No
5) semilunar conjunctival fold or nictitating membrane
1) What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
2) What produces tears?
3) What is another term for tears?
4) What area of eyeball is the drainage system?
5) Name the pathway
6) Where does it finally empty?
1) tear production and tear drainage; blinking –> spread out secretions over eye
2) lacrimal gland, gland of 3rd eyelid and dfifuse gland tissue
3) lacrimal secretions
4) medial canthus of eye
5) lacrimal puncta –> lacrimal ducts –> lacrimal sac –> nasolacrimal duct (ends at nose)
6) empties into rostral area of nasal cavity
