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PDS > Head + Eyes > Flashcards

Head + Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 7 muscles of face?

A
  1. orbicularis oculi
  2. orbicularis oris
  3. sternocleidomastoid
  4. temporalis
  5. masseter
  6. platysma
  7. trapezius
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2
Q

name the 3 major salivary glands

A
  1. parotid gland
  2. submandibular gland
  3. sublingual gland
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3
Q

name the 12 cranial nerves and their function

A
  1. Olfactory | Oh | Some
  2. Optic | Oh | Say
  3. Oculomotor | Oh | Money
  4. Trochlear | Tiny | Matters
  5. Trigeminal | Tits | But
  6. Abducens | And | My
  7. Facial | Furry | Boyfriend
  8. Vestibulocochlear | Vaginas | Says
  9. Glossopharyngeal | Give | Big
  10. Vagus | Victor | Brains
  11. Spinal accessories | A | Matter
  12. Hypoglossal | Hardon | Most
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4
Q

what is macrocephaly and its standard deviation?

A

a head circumference that is greater than the 98th percentile on the growth chart.

> 2 SD above mean

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5
Q

what is microcephaly and its standard deviation?

A

a birth defect where a baby’s head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age.

> 3 SD below mean

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6
Q

what is parotitis?

A

inflammation of the parotid glands (salivary glands located between the ear and jaw)

the most common cause is a virus, such as mumps, herpes, or Epstein-Barr.

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7
Q

what is mastication?

A

chewing

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8
Q

what does myxovirus parotitis cause?

A

mumps

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9
Q

50% of all boys who got mumps had what?

A

infertility from testicular atrophy

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10
Q

the head uses what principles of the PE?

A

inspection + palpation

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11
Q

mother’s who had zika had children with what?

A

microcephaly

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12
Q

what are the 4 cranial nerves that relate to the eye?

A
  1. optic
  2. oculomotor
  3. trochlear
  4. abducens
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13
Q

the conjunctiva lines what?

A

the eyelids and sclera

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14
Q

T/F it’s normal for the lower eyelid to cover the iris

A

FALSE

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15
Q

what is ptosis

A

condition where the upper eyelid droops

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16
Q

what are the 6 extraocular muscles?

A
  1. superior oblique
  2. superior rectus
  3. medial rectus
  4. lateral rectus
  5. inferior rectus
  6. inferior oblique
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17
Q

which extra ocular muscle inserts onto sclera of eye?

A

superior oblique

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18
Q

what are the 4 rectus eye muscles?

A
  1. superior
  2. medial
  3. lateral
  4. inferior
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19
Q

what are the 2 oblique eye muscles?

A
  1. superior

2. inferior

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20
Q

the lateral rectus is controlled by what CN?

A

CN 6 (abducens)

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21
Q

the superior oblique is controlled by what CN?

A

CN 4 (trochlear)

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22
Q

what does LR6SO4 mean?

A

lateral rectus CN 6 superior oblique CN 4

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23
Q

what are the extraocular muscles controlled by CN 3?

A

superior rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique

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24
Q

what should you ask during an eye exam?

A
  • contacts/glasses?
  • why do you wear them?
  • hx glaucoma?
  • hx cataracts?
  • vision changes?
  • burry vision?
  • double vision?
  • last eye dr visit?
  • redness/dryness/discharge?
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25
Q

what is diplopia?

A

double vision

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26
Q

what CN does visual acuity test?

A

CN 2 (optic, sensory)

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27
Q

OD = ?

A

R eye

oculus dexter

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28
Q

OS = ?

A

L eye

oculus sinister

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29
Q

OU = ?

A

both eyes

oculi unitos

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30
Q

what eye sight is considered legally blind in the US?

A

20/200

can see 20 ft what normal vision can see at 200 ft

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31
Q

distance for snellen chart?

A

20 ft

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32
Q

distance for snellen card?

A

14 inches

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33
Q

what are the structures that move with horizontal eye movements

A

medial canthus and lateral canthus

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34
Q

what is the role of the inferior punctum?

A

plays an active and important role in the drainage of tears by the mechanism of supero-medial movement and medially directed protrusion (‘pipetting action’)

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35
Q

what membrane loops back to cover the sclera?

A

conjunctiva

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36
Q

what are the tiny oil glands that line the rim of the eyelid?

A

meibomian glands (modified sebaceous gland)

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37
Q

what is the role of meibomian glands?

A

keeps tears from evaporating too quickly

38
Q

what are you looking for when observing the head?

A 
position of head
lesions or masses on scalp
appearance
symmetry
sunken cheeks
flushing of face
wasting of temporal muscles
39
Q

list the main bones of the skull

A

frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital

40
Q

capit-

A

head

capitate- head-shaped

41
Q

cephal(o)-

A

head

cephalometry- measurement of head

42
Q

cleido-

A

clavicle

cleidomastoid- pertaining to clavicle and mastoid process

43
Q

cranio-

A

skull

craniomalacia- abnormal softening of the skull

44
Q

occipito-

A

back portion of the skull

occipitoparietal- pertaining to the occipital and parental bones

45
Q

ondont(o)-

A

tooth; teeth

ondontorrhagia- hemorrhage that follows tooth extraction

46
Q

thryo-

A

thyroid gland

thyromegaly- enlargement of the thyroid gland

47
Q

what muscle and CN closes the eyelid?

A

orbicularis oculi

CN 7 - facial

48
Q

what muscle and CN raises the upper eyelid?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

CN 3 - oculomotor

49
Q

action and innervation of the medial rectus

A

adduction (eye moves nasally)

CN 3 - oculomotor

50
Q

action and innervation of the lateral rectus

A

abduction (eye moves temporally)

CN 6 - abducens

51
Q

action and innervation of the inferior rectus

A 
adduction
depression (eye moves down)

CN 3 - oculomotor

52
Q

action and innervation of the superior rectus

A

adduction
elevation (eye moves up)

CN 3 - oculomotor

53
Q

action and innervation of the superior oblique

A

depress
abduct
intorsion (rotates eye nasally)

CN 4 - trochlear

54
Q

action and innervation of the inferior oblique

A

elevates
abducts
extorsion (rotates eye temporally)

CN 3 - oculomotor

55
Q

questions to ask during an eye exam:

A
  • glasses/contacts?
  • do you know the reason for wearing them?
  • hx glaucoma?
  • hx cataracts?
  • family hx?
  • eye pain?
  • any visual changes?
  • blurry vision?
  • last eye visit?
  • redness/dryness/discharge?
  • anything around the eye?
56
Q

what CN does visual acuity test?

A

CN 2 - optic (sensory)

57
Q

what is hemianopsia?

A

when pt loses vision in half of eye

58
Q

major sx of eye disease:

A
  1. loss of vision
  2. eye pain
  3. diplopia (double vision)
  4. tearing and dryness
  5. discharge
  6. redness
59
Q

physical examination of the eye includes:

A
  1. visual acuity
  2. visual fields
  3. ocular movements
  4. external and internal eye structures
  5. ophthalmoscopic exam
60
Q

what does 20/200 mean?

A

the pt can see at 20 ft what a person w normal vision can see at 200 ft

61
Q

an extraocular eye movement exam checks which cranial nerves?

A

CN 3 - oculomotor
CN 4 - trochlear
Cn 6 - abducens

62
Q

what is the difference between the optic nerve and the optic tract?

A

The optic nerve serves as a connection between the eye and the brain.

The optic tract is an extension of the optic nerve, and is considered a part of the brain visual system.

63
Q

describe the confrontation visual field test

A

a technique where the examiner compares their peripheral eye vision with patient’s.

examiner stands 3-4 ft in front of and at eye level w pt. pt asked to close R eye while examiner closes L eye.

take hands lateral to pt’s ears and wiggle 2 fingers while slowly bringing hands into pt’s visual field.

pt will tell you when they see your fingers.

64
Q

What 3 positions does the confrontation visual field test require?

A
  1. lateral
  2. upper quadrant
  3. lower quadrant
65
Q

what does PERRLA stand for?

A

pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

66
Q

abducens nerve palsy effects what muscle?

A

lateral rectus muscle

67
Q

pupils that are not equal in size are called what?

A

anisocoria

68
Q

oculomotor nerve palsy effects what eye muscle(s)?

A

medial rectus
inferior rectus
superior rectus
inferior oblique

causes a completely closed eyelid and deviation of the eye outward and downward.

69
Q

list the muscles that adduct, depress, and elevate the eye

A

adduct - medial rectus
depress - inferior rectus
elevate - superior rectus & inferior oblique

70
Q

what eye exam checks all the extraocular muscles? (CN 3, 4, 6)

A

H motility test

drawing the letter H in the air 15-18 inches from pt’s nose

71
Q

what happens when the examiner brings pointer finger close to pt’s nose?

A

eyes should cross and pupils should slightly contract (known as accommodation)

72
Q

what is the purpose of the swinging light test?

A

used to detect a relative afferent pupil defect (RAPD)

should see a contraction of pupils

73
Q

what does RAPD stand for and what is it?

A

Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD)

a condition in which pupils respond differently to light stimuli shone in one eye at a time due to unilateral or asymmetrical disease of the retina or optic nerve.

74
Q

how do you test corneal reflex and what cranial nerves are involved?

A

by touching cotton against cornea

tests CN 5 + 7
trigeminal + facial

75
Q

what is a hemangioma?

A

a common vascular birthmark, made of extra blood vessels in the skin (excess blood vessels)

76
Q

what is a stye?

A

infection of eye lash follicle

77
Q

what is another name for pink eye and what is it?

A

conjunctivitis

inflammation or infection of the transparent membrane that lines your eyelid and eyeball.

78
Q

What is subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

like a bruise of the eye (characterized by red spots)

79
Q

define icterus:

A

yellow eye (liver or blood abnormality)

80
Q

what is a sx of brittle bone disease?

A

blue sclera of the eye

osteogenesis imperfecta

81
Q

what is brittle bone disease called?

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

82
Q

copper wiring and AV nicking is seen in pt’s with what diseases?

A

hyptertension

atherosclerosis

83
Q

what happens in proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

the retina starts growing new blood vessels

84
Q

what happens in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

the blood vessels in the retina are weakened

85
Q

white spots behind the eyes in common in what disease?

A

diabetes! (cotton wool spots)

86
Q

what do cotton wool spots indicate?

A

infarction of nerves (nerves actually dying)

87
Q

physical examination of the head involves:

A
  1. check hair distribution, density, texture
  2. palpate scalp for lesions
  3. check facial skin
  4. facial expression
  5. symmetry of face
88
Q

list the functions of the cranial nerves:

A

i. olfactory (smell)
ii. optic (vision)
iii. oculomotor (eye movements)
iv. trochlear (eye movements)
v. trigeminal (general sensation of face)
vi. abducens (eye movements)
vii. facial (taste)
viii. vestibulocochlear (hearing)
ix. glossopharyngeal (taste)
x. vagus (taste)
xi. spinal accessory (phonation)
xii. hypoglossal (tongue movement)

89
Q

mumps infects what gland?

A

parotid gland (CN 7 - facial)

90
Q

why is our visual field so large?

A

bc our optic fibers cross over (only medial fibers cross over aka nasal fibers)

91
Q

what is horizontal diplopia

A

double vision when 1 eye is closed

92
Q

when CN 3 is paralyzed what happened?

A

ptosis due to paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris

PDS (1 decks)

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