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Head + Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 7 muscles of face?

A
  1. orbicularis oculi
  2. orbicularis oris
  3. sternocleidomastoid
  4. temporalis
  5. masseter
  6. platysma
  7. trapezius
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2
Q

name the 3 major salivary glands

A
  1. parotid gland
  2. submandibular gland
  3. sublingual gland
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3
Q

name the 12 cranial nerves and their function

A
  1. Olfactory | Oh | Some
  2. Optic | Oh | Say
  3. Oculomotor | Oh | Money
  4. Trochlear | Tiny | Matters
  5. Trigeminal | Tits | But
  6. Abducens | And | My
  7. Facial | Furry | Boyfriend
  8. Vestibulocochlear | Vaginas | Says
  9. Glossopharyngeal | Give | Big
  10. Vagus | Victor | Brains
  11. Spinal accessories | A | Matter
  12. Hypoglossal | Hardon | Most
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4
Q

what is macrocephaly and its standard deviation?

A

a head circumference that is greater than the 98th percentile on the growth chart.

> 2 SD above mean

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5
Q

what is microcephaly and its standard deviation?

A

a birth defect where a baby’s head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age.

> 3 SD below mean

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6
Q

what is parotitis?

A

inflammation of the parotid glands (salivary glands located between the ear and jaw)

the most common cause is a virus, such as mumps, herpes, or Epstein-Barr.

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7
Q

what is mastication?

A

chewing

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8
Q

what does myxovirus parotitis cause?

A

mumps

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9
Q

50% of all boys who got mumps had what?

A

infertility from testicular atrophy

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10
Q

the head uses what principles of the PE?

A

inspection + palpation

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11
Q

mother’s who had zika had children with what?

A

microcephaly

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12
Q

what are the 4 cranial nerves that relate to the eye?

A
  1. optic
  2. oculomotor
  3. trochlear
  4. abducens
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13
Q

the conjunctiva lines what?

A

the eyelids and sclera

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14
Q

T/F it’s normal for the lower eyelid to cover the iris

A

FALSE

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15
Q

what is ptosis

A

condition where the upper eyelid droops

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16
Q

what are the 6 extraocular muscles?

A
  1. superior oblique
  2. superior rectus
  3. medial rectus
  4. lateral rectus
  5. inferior rectus
  6. inferior oblique
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17
Q

which extra ocular muscle inserts onto sclera of eye?

A

superior oblique

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18
Q

what are the 4 rectus eye muscles?

A
  1. superior
  2. medial
  3. lateral
  4. inferior
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19
Q

what are the 2 oblique eye muscles?

A
  1. superior

2. inferior

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20
Q

the lateral rectus is controlled by what CN?

A

CN 6 (abducens)

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21
Q

the superior oblique is controlled by what CN?

A

CN 4 (trochlear)

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22
Q

what does LR6SO4 mean?

A

lateral rectus CN 6 superior oblique CN 4

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23
Q

what are the extraocular muscles controlled by CN 3?

A

superior rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique

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24
Q

what should you ask during an eye exam?

A
  • contacts/glasses?
  • why do you wear them?
  • hx glaucoma?
  • hx cataracts?
  • vision changes?
  • burry vision?
  • double vision?
  • last eye dr visit?
  • redness/dryness/discharge?
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25
what is diplopia?
double vision
26
what CN does visual acuity test?
CN 2 (optic, sensory)
27
OD = ?
R eye | oculus dexter
28
OS = ?
L eye | oculus sinister
29
OU = ?
both eyes | oculi unitos
30
what eye sight is considered legally blind in the US?
20/200 | can see 20 ft what normal vision can see at 200 ft
31
distance for snellen chart?
20 ft
32
distance for snellen card?
14 inches
33
what are the structures that move with horizontal eye movements
medial canthus and lateral canthus
34
what is the role of the inferior punctum?
plays an active and important role in the drainage of tears by the mechanism of supero-medial movement and medially directed protrusion ('pipetting action')
35
what membrane loops back to cover the sclera?
conjunctiva
36
what are the tiny oil glands that line the rim of the eyelid?
meibomian glands (modified sebaceous gland)
37
what is the role of meibomian glands?
keeps tears from evaporating too quickly
38
what are you looking for when observing the head?
``` position of head lesions or masses on scalp appearance symmetry sunken cheeks flushing of face wasting of temporal muscles ```
39
list the main bones of the skull
frontal temporal parietal occipital
40
capit-
head | capitate- head-shaped
41
cephal(o)-
head | cephalometry- measurement of head
42
cleido-
clavicle | cleidomastoid- pertaining to clavicle and mastoid process
43
cranio-
skull | craniomalacia- abnormal softening of the skull
44
occipito-
back portion of the skull | occipitoparietal- pertaining to the occipital and parental bones
45
ondont(o)-
tooth; teeth | ondontorrhagia- hemorrhage that follows tooth extraction
46
thryo-
thyroid gland | thyromegaly- enlargement of the thyroid gland
47
what muscle and CN closes the eyelid?
orbicularis oculi | CN 7 - facial
48
what muscle and CN raises the upper eyelid?
levator palpebrae superioris | CN 3 - oculomotor
49
action and innervation of the medial rectus
adduction (eye moves nasally) CN 3 - oculomotor
50
action and innervation of the lateral rectus
abduction (eye moves temporally) CN 6 - abducens
51
action and innervation of the inferior rectus
``` adduction depression (eye moves down) ``` CN 3 - oculomotor
52
action and innervation of the superior rectus
adduction elevation (eye moves up) CN 3 - oculomotor
53
action and innervation of the superior oblique
depress abduct intorsion (rotates eye nasally) CN 4 - trochlear
54
action and innervation of the inferior oblique
elevates abducts extorsion (rotates eye temporally) CN 3 - oculomotor
55
questions to ask during an eye exam:
- glasses/contacts? - do you know the reason for wearing them? - hx glaucoma? - hx cataracts? - family hx? - eye pain? - any visual changes? - blurry vision? - last eye visit? - redness/dryness/discharge? - anything around the eye?
56
what CN does visual acuity test?
CN 2 - optic (sensory)
57
what is hemianopsia?
when pt loses vision in half of eye
58
major sx of eye disease:
1. loss of vision 2. eye pain 3. diplopia (double vision) 4. tearing and dryness 5. discharge 6. redness
59
physical examination of the eye includes:
1. visual acuity 2. visual fields 3. ocular movements 4. external and internal eye structures 5. ophthalmoscopic exam
60
what does 20/200 mean?
the pt can see at 20 ft what a person w normal vision can see at 200 ft
61
an extraocular eye movement exam checks which cranial nerves?
CN 3 - oculomotor CN 4 - trochlear Cn 6 - abducens
62
what is the difference between the optic nerve and the optic tract?
The optic nerve serves as a connection between the eye and the brain. The optic tract is an extension of the optic nerve, and is considered a part of the brain visual system.
63
describe the confrontation visual field test
a technique where the examiner compares their peripheral eye vision with patient's. examiner stands 3-4 ft in front of and at eye level w pt. pt asked to close R eye while examiner closes L eye. take hands lateral to pt's ears and wiggle 2 fingers while slowly bringing hands into pt's visual field. pt will tell you when they see your fingers.
64
What 3 positions does the confrontation visual field test require?
1. lateral 2. upper quadrant 3. lower quadrant
65
what does PERRLA stand for?
pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation
66
abducens nerve palsy effects what muscle?
lateral rectus muscle
67
pupils that are not equal in size are called what?
anisocoria
68
oculomotor nerve palsy effects what eye muscle(s)?
medial rectus inferior rectus superior rectus inferior oblique causes a completely closed eyelid and deviation of the eye outward and downward.
69
list the muscles that adduct, depress, and elevate the eye
adduct - medial rectus depress - inferior rectus elevate - superior rectus & inferior oblique
70
what eye exam checks all the extraocular muscles? (CN 3, 4, 6)
H motility test | drawing the letter H in the air 15-18 inches from pt's nose
71
what happens when the examiner brings pointer finger close to pt's nose?
eyes should cross and pupils should slightly contract (known as accommodation)
72
what is the purpose of the swinging light test?
used to detect a relative afferent pupil defect (RAPD) | should see a contraction of pupils
73
what does RAPD stand for and what is it?
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) a condition in which pupils respond differently to light stimuli shone in one eye at a time due to unilateral or asymmetrical disease of the retina or optic nerve.
74
how do you test corneal reflex and what cranial nerves are involved?
by touching cotton against cornea | tests CN 5 + 7 trigeminal + facial
75
what is a hemangioma?
a common vascular birthmark, made of extra blood vessels in the skin (excess blood vessels)
76
what is a stye?
infection of eye lash follicle
77
what is another name for pink eye and what is it?
conjunctivitis inflammation or infection of the transparent membrane that lines your eyelid and eyeball.
78
What is subconjunctival hemorrhage?
like a bruise of the eye (characterized by red spots)
79
define icterus:
yellow eye (liver or blood abnormality)
80
what is a sx of brittle bone disease?
blue sclera of the eye | osteogenesis imperfecta
81
what is brittle bone disease called?
osteogenesis imperfecta
82
copper wiring and AV nicking is seen in pt's with what diseases?
hyptertension | atherosclerosis
83
what happens in proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
the retina starts growing new blood vessels
84
what happens in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy?
the blood vessels in the retina are weakened
85
white spots behind the eyes in common in what disease?
diabetes! (cotton wool spots)
86
what do cotton wool spots indicate?
infarction of nerves (nerves actually dying)
87
physical examination of the head involves:
1. check hair distribution, density, texture 2. palpate scalp for lesions 3. check facial skin 4. facial expression 5. symmetry of face
88
list the functions of the cranial nerves:
i. olfactory (smell) ii. optic (vision) iii. oculomotor (eye movements) iv. trochlear (eye movements) v. trigeminal (general sensation of face) vi. abducens (eye movements) vii. facial (taste) viii. vestibulocochlear (hearing) ix. glossopharyngeal (taste) x. vagus (taste) xi. spinal accessory (phonation) xii. hypoglossal (tongue movement)
89
mumps infects what gland?
parotid gland (CN 7 - facial)
90
why is our visual field so large?
bc our optic fibers cross over (only medial fibers cross over aka nasal fibers)
91
what is horizontal diplopia
double vision when 1 eye is closed
92
when CN 3 is paralyzed what happened?
ptosis due to paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris

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