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BIOL20912 > Head and neck revision > Flashcards

Head and neck revision Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of mastication

A
  • Masseter
  • Medial pterygoid
  • Lateral pterygoid
  • Temporalis
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2
Q

masseter: origin, insertion, action, and innervation

A

Zygomatic arch

The lateral side of the body and the angle of the mandible

Elevates mandible and closes the mouth (and some lateral deviation)

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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3
Q

medial pterygoid: origin, insertion, action, and innervation

A

Sphenoid bone - medial side of the palatine bone

The medial side of the angle of the mandible

Elevates mandible and closes the mouth

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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4
Q

lateral pterygoid: origin, insertion, action, and innervation

A

Sphenoid bone - lateral side of palatine bone

Tempromandibular joint (TMJ) and mandibular neck

Both contracting - mandible protrusion and jaw depression
One contracting - lateral mandible deviation

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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5
Q

temporalis: origin, insertion, action, and innervation

A

Temporal fossa

Coronoid process of mandible

Elevates and retracts mandible to close the mouth

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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6
Q

Crossword: a muscle of the soft palate (6, 4, 8 letters)

A

Tensor veli palatini

(Other muscles:
* palatoglossus
* palatopharyngeus
* musculus uvulae
* levator veli palatini)

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7
Q

Crossword: Provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

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8
Q

Crossword: Nerve of the pharyngeal plexus that provides motor innervation

A

Vagus

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9
Q

Crossword: Bone which provides attachment for the middle constrictor muscles

A

hyoid

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10
Q

Crossword: Mucosal ridges on the surface of the hard palate

A

rugae(?)

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11
Q

Crossword: Opening into the larynx

A

inlet

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12
Q

Crossword: A recess that lies lateral to the aryepiglottic fold

A

pyriform sinus

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13
Q

Crossword: The constrictor muscle that inserts onto the pharyngeal tubercle

A

Superior pharyngeal restrictor

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14
Q

Crossword: bone that forms the posterior part of the hard palate

A

Palatine

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15
Q

Crossword: an alternative name for the pharyngeal tonsil

A

Adenoid

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16
Q

Crossword: Provides the first line of defence against microbes entering the body through the nose and mouth

A

Waldeyer’s ring

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17
Q

Crossword: aggregation of lymphoid tissue located in the oropharynx

A

lingual tonsil (also forms part of Waldeyer’s ring)

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18
Q

Crossword: most anterior arch of the fauces

A

palatoglossal arch

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19
Q

Crossword: cranial nerve that provides sensory innervation to the hard palate

A

trigeminal

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20
Q

Crossword: Region of the pharynx lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

A

Nasopharynx

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21
Q

Cervical vertebra 4: what features does it contain?

A
  • Small body
  • Curved upper and lower surfaces
  • Large triangular vertebral foramen
  • Neural arch formed by the two straight laminae
  • Short pedicles
  • Short spinous process ending in a double point
  • Upper articular facets face upper and inwards
  • Lower articulate facets face downward and forward
  • Articular pillar - a mass of bone between facets
  • Transverse processes arising from the side of the body and also from the articular pillar
  • A hole within the transverse processes
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22
Q

Transverse processes within the fourth cervical vertebrae: where do they arise from, what special features do they have, what is their shape, and how do they end in?

A

Arise from the side of the body and also from the articular pillar

There is a hole to allow vertebral arteries to pass through

Shaped like a gutter, pointing downwards

Ends in two tubercles, an anterior and posterior, where scalene muscles attach

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23
Q

Atlas and axis: what cervical vertebrae are they?

A

1 and 2

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24
Q

Seventh cervical vertebrae: what key features does it have?

A

Contains a long spinous process ending in a single point (can be felt on the neck)

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25
Q

Which part of the spine is the most mobile?

A

Cervical vertebrae - curvature (flex&exten) and shallow slope of articular processes (lateral)

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26
Q

Significant features of the thoracic vertebrae

A
  • The body becomes progressively more massive as you move downwards
  • Each articulates with a pair of ribs
  • Ribs met at two locations - end of transverse process and where the pedicle meets the body
  • Transverse processes point sideways
  • Spinous processes point downwards, overlapping those below
  • Articular processes are almost vertical
  • Upper articular processes face almost straight backwards
  • Lower articular processes face forwards
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27
Q

What movements do the thoracic vertebrae allow and what are they limited by?

A

Forward flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation

The presence of ribs and spinous processes arrangement

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28
Q

Atlanto-occpital joints: what are they and what do they do?

A

Joints between the atlas and the axis

Allows rotation of the skull

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29
Q

Typical cervical vertebrae structure

A
  • Body in front and neural arch behind enclosing the vertebral foramen
  • Spinous process behind - two tuberosities
  • Transverse process on either side - two tuberosities
  • Two articular surfaces on each side - one above one below - forming the intervertebral joints
  • Articular surfaces slope upwards and forwards and are joined by the articular pillar
  • Each vertebra is joined to neighbours by an intervebral disk in front and two intervebral joints behind - one on each side
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30
Q

Atlas structure

A
  • Doesn’t have a body, only a narrow anterior arch, matching a posterior arch
  • Arches, along with lateral masses enclose a large vertebral foramen
  • Posterior part of VF is occupied by the spinal cord
  • Anterior part of VF is occupied by odontoid process of the axis
  • Upper articular surfaces match occipital condyles - cup shape
  • Lower articular surfaces - cone shape
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31
Q

Axis structure

A
  • Prolonged body by odontoid process - represents missing atlas body
  • The pivot around which the head, together with the axis rotate
  • Upper articular surfaces are well in front of lower ones - in a straight line with odontoid process
  • Odontoid process stays in the middle as rotation occurs, held in place behind by the strong transverse ligament (of atlas), alar ligaments attached above, and surrounded by bone
  • Odontoid articular surfaces - one behind for transverse ligament, one in front for anterior arch of the atlas
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32
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Slender U-shaped bone suspended just beneath the mandible

Not directly attached to any other bone

Hold the tongue which sits above it, holds the larynx which hangs below it, and transmits the force of muscles that help to open the jaw

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33
Q

Specific parts of the hyoid bone

A

Body - broad central part

Forward facing upper surface - convex with facets for the attachments of numerous muscles

Backwards facing lower surface - deeply concave

Greater horn/cornu - each side of the long slender part of the hyoid bone, attached by a small synovial joint

Lesser horn/cornu - smaller projections

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34
Q

Typical resting position of the hyoid bone

A

Slightly below the lower mandible border

From the frontal plane, lies in line with the last molar tooth

Can be moved up down left right

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35
Q

What two cartilages form the framework of the larynx?

A

Cricoid and thyroid cartilages

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36
Q

Superior laryngeal aperture: what is it and what is it formed by?

A

Faces almost directly backwards, the opening of the larynx

Epiglottis cartilage - opening formed in front

Ary-epiglottic folds - folds of soft tissue on either side

Arytenoid cartilages - behind larynx

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37
Q

Lateral to the ary-epiglottic folds

A

Piriform recess

38
Q

In front of the epiglottis

A

Back of the tongue

Space between is the vallecula

39
Q

Wall of the larynx: important features

A

Epiglottis - at the top

Vestibule - small side cavity

Vestibular fold - above

Vocal fold - below

Vocal ligament - just below vocal fold

40
Q

Laryngeal cartilages

A

Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic, and arytenoid cartilages

41
Q

Epiglottic cartilage

A

Leaf shaped, slender stem attached to thyroid cartilage

Connective to the body of the hyoid bone by fibrous tissue

Covered by mucous membrane on the back and on the front

Highly flexible

42
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A

Highly mobile

Sit on top of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage, just to the side of the mid-line

Colliculus - tall upward projection, prolonged by the corniculate cartilage

Vocal process - pointed forward projection, viocal ligament attaches here

Articular surface - inward facing, articulates with the cricoid cartilage

Muscular process - lateral aspect projection

Corniculate cartilage - continuation of the colliculus

43
Q

What is the vocal process in line with

A

In line with vocal fold

44
Q

Arytenoid cartilage movement

A

Laterally, medially, and rotatae about a vertical axis

When the muscular process moves backward and forward, the vocal process is abducted and adducted respectively

45
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Below the hyoid bone

Upper border has the same arch as the hyoid bone

Suspended from the hyoid bone by the thyrohyoid membrane

On each side the posterior part is thickened - lateral thyrohyoid ligament

Consists of two slightly curved plates - laminae

Laminae are joined in front and widely separated behind

Superior thyroid notch - V-shaped notch where the laminae meet superiorly

Meet at 120/90° (F/M)

Projects forwards in males, giving rise to laryngeal prominence

Superior/inferior tubercles - projections on the sides of lamina, joined together by a slight ridge: oblique line

Superior/inferior horn - superior is upwards and backwards, inferior is downwards

46
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Just below the thyroid cartilage

Cricothyroid joint - joins the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage with the cricoid cartilage

Partly enclosed by the larger thyroid cartilage, forming a complete ring

Taller behind (lamina) than in front (arch)

Inferiorly continuous with the upper end of the trachea

47
Q

Subclavian and common carotid arteries

A

Emerge through the superior thoracic aperture

48
Q

Subclavian artery

A

Passes behind the anterior scalene muscle, runs down towards the axilla behind the clavicle

Branches - internal thoracic artery, thyro-cervical trunk, and the vertebral artery

49
Q

Common carotid artery

A

Runs upward

Lateral to the thyroid gland, trachea, and the larynx

Below mandible, divides into the external and internal carotid arteries

Widening at the bifurcation - Carotid sinus

50
Q

External carotid artery

A

Supply skull, dura, and all of the head outside the cranial cavity (excluding the orbital)

Passes beneath the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the stylohyoid muscle

Ends above the stylohyoid by dividing into two terminal branches

  • Superior thyroid artery - runs downwards alongside the larynx to reach the upper pole of the thyroid gland
  • Lingual artery - down and forwards deep to hypoglossus, supplying tongue
  • Facial artery - runs forwards, passing between submandibular gland and the mandible, branching to supply the lower face
  • Occipital artery - runs steeply upwards and passes deep to digastric and splenius muscle and reemarges and runs upwards, branching to supply the posterior part of the scalp
51
Q

Internal carotid artery

A

Supplies the brain

Internal jugular vein is lateral to it

Enters the carotid canal, running forwards and medially

Runs straight after the cavernous sinus then does a 180, taking it under the anterior clinoid process, and brings it out just behind the optic canal

Emerges through the dura beneath the optic nerve, giving a branch to the opthalmic artery

Ends by emerging from beneath the chiasm, curving laterally

52
Q

Vertebral artery

A

Supplies the brain

Arises from subclavian artery

Passes through the opening of the transverse process of C6

Runs through C1-C6, then turns backwards and medially, passing through the atlantoocipital membrane and dura, just below the foramen magnum

They join together after passing the dura to form the basilar artery which runs upwards and forwards above and behind basilar part of the occipital bone

53
Q

Cavernous sinus

A

Irregular cavaity - a passageway for venous blood

54
Q

Opthalmic artery

A

Runs forwards into the optic canal along with the optic nerve

Supplies the orbit and continues forward to supply the front of the forehead

55
Q

Thyrocervical artery

A

Runs anteriorly to the vertebral artery

56
Q

Thyrocervical trunk

A

Runs anteriorly to the vertebral artery

Immediately divides into two branches that supply the shoulder region and the inferior thyroid artery - ascending cervical artery as a side branch before running medially, deep to the common carotid artery, reaching the lower pole of the thyroid gland

57
Q

Posterior auricular artery

A

Runs superficially to supply the scalp behind the ear

58
Q

Ascending pharyngeal artery

A

Supplies upper part of the pharynx, running deep to the external carotid

59
Q

Internal jugular vein

A

Begins at the jugular foramen, continuous with the sigmoid sinus

Upper part lies just behind the internal carotid artery, medial to the styloid process, styloid muscles, and the posterior belly of the digastric

Below the angle of the mandible, the facial vein feeds into it

Travels down deep and lateral to the common carotid artery

Crossed by the omohyoid muscle

Ends by joining with the subclavian vein, forming a braciocephalic vein

Covered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle but above and below it lies anterior to it/lateral to the interval between the sternal and clavicular insertions of the muscle

60
Q

Facial vein

A

Feeds into internal jugular vein

Drain the face, infartemporal region, the oral/nasal cavities, and the larynx

61
Q

Braciocephalic vein

A

Passes through the superior thoracic aperture

Join to form the superior vena cava

62
Q

External jugular vein

A

Formed below the ear by a joining of veins from the scalp and face

Crosses the lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and passes behind the clavicle, joining the subclavian vein

63
Q

Anterior jugular vein

A

Small, empties into the subclavian vein

64
Q

The three large muscles on the posterior of the neck

A

Semispinalis, splenius, and trapezius

65
Q

Semispinalis

A

Arises by many tendons of origins - from articular processes of C4-C7 and the transverse processes of T1-T6

Runs almost vertically, inserting on the occiput, jyust begind the two rectys muscles

Extends the head, prevents gravity from flexing the head

66
Q

Splenius

A

Broad strip of muscle

Arises from the spinous processes of T3-C7 and from the lower half of the nuchal ligament

Passes upward and laterally, inserting on the lateral half of the superior nuchal line and on the back of the mastoid process

Rotating the head

67
Q

Levator scapulae

A

Raises the shoulder (?)

68
Q

Trapezius

A

Large and complex muscle

Lower part extends to T12

Upper part arises from the medial part of the superior nuchal line and the nuchal ligament

Fibres fan out downward and laterally, inserting on the spine of the scapula, the acromion, and the lateral third of the clavicle

Largely define the shape and outline of the neck

When scapula is held by other muscles, acts similar to semispinalis and extends the head and keeps it upright

69
Q

Sterncleidomastoid muscle

A

Arises from the mastoid process and behind it

Runs downwards, forwards, and medially to insert partly on the medial end of the clavicle and partly on the manubrium

Rotation towards the opposite side
Both: head and cervical flexion

When leaning backwards, tonic action prevents gravity from extending the head and neck

70
Q

Hollow in lower neck

A

Caused by the tendons of insertions of the sternocleidomastoid muscles along with the medial ends of the clavicles

71
Q

Infrahyoid muscles

A
  • Thyrohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Omohyoid
  • Sternohyoid
72
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Both lobes connected at the midline by the isthmus

Top of each lobe is level with the lower border of the thyroid cartilage

Tp of the isthmus is roughly level with thrid ring of the trachea

73
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Near the top of the trachea, one parathyroid gland is on each side

Distinguishable by brown-ish colour

74
Q

Thyroid muscle

A

Effectively one continuous muscle with the sternothyroid muscle

Arises from the back of the body of the hyoid bone and inserts on the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage

75
Q

Sternothyroid muscle

A

Effectively one continuous muscle with the thyrohyoid muscle

Arises from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage and inserts on the back of the sternum

76
Q

Omohyoid muscle

A

Arises from the body of the hyoid bone

Runs downwards, laterally, and backwards

Lies in front of the carotid sheath and the brachial plexus

Passes beneath the trapezius muscle and inserts on the upper border of the scapula

77
Q

Sternohyoid muscle

A

Arises from the body of the hyoid bone

Runs straight downwards, close to the midline, and inserts on the back of the sternum

78
Q

When the neck isnt extended:

A

Bottom of the cricoid cartilage may be no higher than the top of the clavicle

79
Q

Muscles that move the hyoid bone

A

Upwards and forwards:
* Mylohyoid muscles
* Geniohyoid muscles

Upwards and backwards:
* Styloyhyoid muscles

Upwards as a pulley:
* Digastric (?)

Downwards:
* Infrahyoid muscles (omohyoid, sternohyoid, and the thyrohyoid muscles)

80
Q

Mylohyoid muscles

A

Together form a continuous sling of muscle that forms the mobile floor of the oral cavity

Arises from the mylohyoid line of the mandible

Most fibres run downwards and medially, joining in the mid-line with the fibres of the opposite side all the way from the symphysis of the mandible to the hyoid bone

More posterior fibres insert roughly medially on the hyoid bone

Free posterior border - runs straight downwards/inwards when seen from the side/behind

81
Q

Geniohyoid muscles

A

Lie above the mylohyoid muscles

Arise from the lower part of the mental spine

Inserts on the body of the hyoid bone, above where the mylohyoid inserts

82
Q

Stylohyoid muscles

A

Long, slender muscles

Just above insertion, has an opening allowing the digastric muscles to pass through

Arises from the lateral aspect of the styloid process and inserts on the base of the greater horn of the hyoid bone

83
Q

Digastric muscles

A

Anterior and posterior bellies connected in the middle by a tendon

Posterior belly arises from the digastric notch on the underside of the temporal bone and the medial aspect of the mastoid process

Origins of the sternocleidomastoic and splenius muscles lie lateral to it

Posterior belly - narrows to a tendon which passes between the two slips of the stylohyoid then passes through a sling of fibrous connective tissue by which it is tethered to the hyoid bone laterally just beneath the lesser horns. The tendon then broadens out into the anterior belly of the digastric of the digastric which runs almost straight forwards beneath the mylohyoid muscle

The anterior belly attaches low down on the inner aspect of the body of the mandible, just lateral to the midline

84
Q

Thyrohyoid muscles

A

Goes down to the thyroid cartilage, insert on the posterior, inferior part of the hyoid bone, roughly directly below the lesser horn

85
Q

Fascia of the neck: what are the layers, including the four deep layers of fascia, and what other structures are present?

A
  • Skin
  • Superficial fascia
  • investing fascia (1)
  • Pretracheal (2)
  • Prevertebral (3)
  • Carotid sheath (4)

The neck has platysma (thin muscle) passing within the superficial fascia

86
Q

Investing fascia

A

lies deep to the superficial fascia and surrounds the whole neck

It splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), trapezius and infrahyoid muscles, and the submandibular and parotid glands

87
Q

Pretracheal fascia

A

Encloses the thyroid gland, oesophagus, trachea and larynx

Posteriorly it is continuous with the buccopharyngeal fascia of the pharynx

It is thickened near the hyoid bone to form a pulley through which the intermediate tendon of the digastric passes

88
Q

Prevertebral fascia

A

Surrounds the vertebrae and the deep cervical muscles of the neck

89
Q

Carotid sheath

A

Fused anteriorly with the investing and pre-tracheal fascia and posteriorly with the prevertebral fascia

Contains veins, vagus nerve, arteries, and sympathetic plexus

90
Q
A

BIOL20912 (2 decks)

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