Head and Neck Muscles

Question 1

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles does it belong to?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 1

1. Digastric Muscle
2. Suprahyoid Muscles
3. Anterior belly - digastric fossa of mandible
   Posterior belly - mastoid notch of temporal bone
4. Intermediate digastric tendon (body of hyoid bone)
5. Depresses mandible
   Elevates hyoid bone when swallowing and speaking
6. Anterior belly - nerve to mylohyoid of inferior alveolar nerve (CNV3)
   Posterior belly - digastric branch of facial nerve (CNVII)

Question 2

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 2

1. Corrugator supercili muscle
2. Orbital group
3. Frontal bone (medial end of superciliary arch)
4. Middle of the eyebrow
5. Draws the eyebrows medially and inferiorly (i.e. when squinting)
6. Facial nerve - temporal branch

Question 3

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 3

1. Middle scalene
2. Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C3-C7
3. Superior border of rib 1 (posterior to subclavian groove)
4. Bilateral - neck flexion
   Bilateral - elevation of rib 1
   Unilateral - neck ipsilateral flexion
   Unilateral - neck contralateral rotation
5. Anterior rami of spinal nerves C3-C8

Question 4

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 4

1. Mylohyoid muscle
2. Hyoglossus muscle
3. Posterior belly of digastric muscle
4. Stylohyoid muscle
5. Anterior belly of digastric muscle

Question 5

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 5

1. Auricularis anterior muscle
2. Epicranial aponeurosis
3. Spine of helix
4. Draws auricle anteriorly
5. Facial nerve - temporal branches

Question 6

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 6

1. Sternocleidomastoid muscle
2. Posterior belly of digastric muscle
3. Mylohyoid muscle
4. Anterior belly of digastric muscle
5. Stylohyoid muscle
6. Platysma muscle (partially cut)

Question 7

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 7

1. Trapezius
2. External occipital protuberance
   Medial third of superior nuchal line (of occipital bone)
   Ligamentum nuchae (nuchael ligament)
   Spinous processes of C7-T12
3. Superior fibres - posterior border of lateral third of clavicle
   Middle fibres - medial margin of acromion and posterior border of scapula spine
   Inferior fibres - converge at an aponeuosis inserted into the scapula spine
4. Upper fibres - scapulothoracic joint - draws scapula superiomedially
   Upper fibres - atlantooccipital joint/upper cervical vertebrae - extension of head and neck and lateral flexion of head/neck
   Upper fibres - atlantoaxial joint - contralateral rotation of head
   Transverse/Central fibres - scapulothoracic joint - draws scapula medially
   Lower fibres - scapulothoracic joint - draws scapula inferomedially
5. Motor - Accessory nerve (CNXI)
   Sensory - Anterior rami of spinal nerves C3-C4 (via cervical plexus)

Question 8

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 8

1. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
2. Oral group
3. Maxilla (near the bridge of the nose)
4. Alar cartilage of the nose
   Lateral upper lip (blending with orbicularis oris and levator labii superioris muscles)
5. Elevates the upper lip
   Dilates the nostril
6. Facial nerve - zygomatic and buccal branches

Question 9

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 9

1. Stylohyoid muscle
2. Thyrohyoid muscle
3. Sternohyoid muscle
4. Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
5. Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendon

Question 10

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 10

1. Platysma
2. Skin/fascia of infra- and supraclavicular regions
3. Lower border of mandible
   Skin of buccal/cheek region
   Lower lip
   Modiolus
   Orbicularis oris muscle
4. Depresses mandible and angle of the mouth
   tenses skin of lower face and anterior neck
5. Cervical branch of facial nerve (CNVII)

Question 11

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 11

1. Sternothyroid muscle
2. Thyrohyoid membrane
3. Hyoid bone
4. Thyroid cartilage
5. Cricoid cartilage
6. Thyroid gland
7. Trachea

Question 12

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles does it belong to?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 12

1. Sternohyoid
2. Infrahyoid muscles
3. Manubrium of sternum
   Medial end of clavicle
4. Inferior border of body of hyoid bone
5. Depresses hyoid bone (from an elevated position)
6. Anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C3 (via ansa cervicalis)

Question 13

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 13

1. Masseter muscle
2. Muscle of mastication
3. Inferior and medial border of the zygomatic arch
   Maxillary process of the zygomatic bone
4. Angle of mandible
   Ramus of the mandible
   Coronoid process
5. Elevates mandible
   Protrudes mandible
   Aids in lateral excursion of the mandible
6. Masseteric branch - of the anterior division of the mandibular of the trigeminal nerve (CNV3)

Question 14

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 14

1. Procerus muscle
2. Nasal group
3. Nasal bone (lower portion)
   Lateral nasal cartilage
4. Skin of the forehead between the eyes
5. Brings skin together creating transverse wrinkles on the bridge of the nose (e.g. when frowning)
6. Facial nerve - temporal and zygomatic branches

Question 15

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 15

1. Masseter muscle
2. Parotid duct
3. Buccinator muscle
4. Temporalis muscle

Question 16

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 16

1. Temporalis muscle
2. Muscle of mastication
3. Entire temporal fossa
4. Coronoid process
   Anterior border of the mandibular ramus
5. Elevates and retracts mandible
   Aids in lateral excursion of the mandible
6. Anterior and posterior deep temporal branches
   (branch of anterior division of mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - CNV3)

Question 17

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 17

1. Orbicularis oculi muscle
2. Orbital group
3. 3 parts: orbital, lacrimal, palpedbral
   
   1. Orbital - frontal process of maxilla; nasal portion of frontal bone; medial palpebral ligament
   2. Lacrimal - lacrimal bone
   3. Palpebral - medial palpebral ligament
4. 3 parts:
   
   1. Orbital - around the orbit
   2. Lacrimal - lacrimal fascia around the lacrimal canaliculi
   3. Palpebral - lateral palpebral raphe
5. Orbital - voluntary closure of eye (e.g. squinting)
   Lacrimal - pulls lacrimal pupilla and eyelids medially, aids in flow of tears
   Palpebral - closure of eyelids gently (e.g. sleeping/blinking)
6. Facial nerve - temporal and zygomatic branches

Question 18

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles does it belong to?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 18

1. Thyrohyoid
2. Infrahyoid muscles
3. Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
4. Inferior border of body of hyoid bone
   Greater horn of hyoid bone
5. Depresses hyoid bone
   Elevates larynx
6. Anterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 (via hypoglossal nerve - CNXII)

Question 19

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 19

1. Auricularis superior muscle
2. Epicranial aponeurosis
3. Superior surface of auricle
4. Draws auricle (ear) superiorly
5. Facial nerve - temporal branches

Question 20

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 20

1. Omohyoid muscle (superior and inferior belly)
2. Sternohyoid muscle
3. Thyrohyoid muscle
4. Stylohyoid muscle
5. Posterior belly of digastric muscle
6. Sternocleidomastoid muscle
7. Scalene muscles (anterior, middle and posterior)

Question 21

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 21

1. Temporalis muscle
2. Masseter muscle insertion (cut away)
3. Buccinator muscle
4. Orbicularis oris muscle

Question 22

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles does it belong to?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 22

1. Stylohyoid
2. Suprahyoid muscles
3. Styloid process of temporal bone
4. Body of hyoid bone
5. Elevates and draws hyoid bone posteriorly
6. Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve (CNVII)

Question 23

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 23

1. Orbicularis oculi muscle
2. Nasalis muscle (transverse and alar parts)
3. Buccinator muscle

Question 24

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 24

1. Levator anguli oris muscle
2. Oral group
3. Canine fossa of maxilla (inferior to infraorbital foramen)
4. Angle of mouth
   Some fibres belnd and provide origin for orbicularis oris m.
5. Elevates angle of the mouth - e.g. smiling
   Makes nasolabial furrow more pronounced
6. Facial nerve - zygomatic and buccal branches

Question 25

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 25

1. Frontalis muscle (part of occipitofrontalis muscle)
2. Skin and superficial fascia along eyebrows
   Adjacent facial muscles - corrugator supercili, orbicularis oculi and procerus
3. Epicranial aponeurosis
4. Elevates eyebrows
   Wrinkles forehead
5. Facial nerve - temporal branch

Question 26

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 26

1. Thyrohyoid muscle
2. Common carotid artery
3. Sternohyoid muscle
4. Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3 of cervical plexus)
5. Internal jugular vein
6. External jugular vein
7. Anterior jugular vein

Question 27

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 27

1. Digastric muscle
2. Mastoid process
3. Styloid process
4. Hyoglossus muscle
5. Mylohyoid muscle

Question 28

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 28

1. Posterior scalene
2. Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C5-C7
3. External surface of rib 2
4. Bilateral - neck flexion
   Bilateral - elevation of rib 2
   Unilateral - neck ipsilateral flexion
   Unilateral - neck contralateral rotation
5. Anterior rami of spinal nerves C6-C8

Question 29

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 29

1. Depressor labii inferioris muscle
2. Oral group
3. Mandible (inferior to mental foramen)
4. Lower lip
   Fibres blend and provide origin for orbicularis oris muscle
5. Depresses the lower lip (e.g. when pouting)
6. Facial nerve - mandibular branch

Question 30

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 30

1. Occipitalis muscle (part of occipitofrontalis muscle)
2. Superior nuchal line
   Mastoid process
3. Epicranial aponeurosis
4. Wrinkles the back of the head
5. Facial nerve - posterior auricular branch

Question 31

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 31

1. Anterior scalene
2. Anterior tubercle of transverse processes of vertebrae C3-C6
3. Anterior scalene tubercle
   Superior border of rib 1 (anterior to subclavian groove)
4. Bilateral - neck flexion
   Bilateral - elevation of rib 1
   Unilateral - neck ipsilateral flexion
   Unilateral - neck contralateral rotation
5. Anterior rami of spinal nerves C4-C6

Question 32

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 32

1. Buccinator muscle
2. Zygomaticus minor muscle
3. Zygomaticus major muscle
4. Depressor anguli oris muscle
5. Depressor labii inferioris muscle
6. Mentalis muscle

Question 33

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 33

1. Risorius muscle
2. Oral group
3. Fascia overlying the parotid gland
4. Angle of the mouth
5. Moves the angle of the mouth laterally (e.g. grimicing or grinning)
6. Facial nerve - buccal branch

Question 34

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 34

1. Longus Capitis
2. Anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C6
3. Basilar part of occipital bone
4. Bilateral contraction - head flexion
   Ipsilateral contraction - head rotation
5. Anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C3

Question 35

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 35

1. Medial pterygoid muscle
2. Muscle of mastication
3. Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate
   Maxillary tuberosity
   Pyramidal process of the palatine bone
4. Angle of the mandible
   Medial surface of ramus of mandible
5. Elevates and protrudes the mandible
   Lateral excursion of mandible
6. Medial pterygoid nerve
   branches of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CNV3)

Question 36

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 36

1. Nasalis muscle
2. Nasal group
3. Maxilla
4. 2 parts: compressor naris (transverse part) + dilator naris (alar part)
   
   1. Compressor naris - compressor naris muscle of opposite side
   2. Dilator naris - nasal cartilage
5. Compressor naris - compresses the nostril
   Dilator naris - dilates the nostril
6. Facial nerve - buccal branch

Question 37

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 37

1. Levator labii superioris muscle
2. Oral group
3. Maxilla (superior to the infraorbital foramen along the inferior margin of the orbit)
4. Lateral upper lip
   Some fibres blend and provide origin for orbicularis oris muscle
5. Elevates the upper lip
6. Facial nerve - zygomatic and buccal branches

Question 38

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles does it belong to?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 38

1. Mylohyoid
2. Suprahyoid muscles
3. Mylohyoid line of mandible
4. Mylohyoid raphe
   Body of hyoid bone
5. Form the floor of the oral cavity
   Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth
   Depresses mandible
6. Nerve to mylohyoid (of inferior alveolar nerve - CNV3)

Question 39

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 39

1. Orbicularis oris muscle
2. Risorius muscle
3. Platysma muscle

Question 40

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 40

1. Zygomaticus minor muscle
2. Oral group
3. Zygomatic bone (anterior to zygomaticus major muscle)
4. Lateral upper lip (medial to zygomaticus major insertion)
5. Helps elevation of the upper lip
6. Facial nerve - zygomatic and buccal branches

Question 41

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles does it belong to?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 41

1. Geniohyoid
2. Suprahyoid muscles
3. Inferior mental spine (inferior genial tubercle)
4. Body of hyoid
5. Elevates and draws hyoid bone anteriorly
6. Anterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 (via hypoglossal nerve)

Question 42

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 42

1. Zygomaticus major muscle
2. Oral group
3. Zygomatic bone (anterior to zygomaticotemporal suture)
4. Angle of the mouth
   Some fibres blend and provide origin for orbicularis oris muscle
5. Moves the angle of the mouth superiorly and laterally (e.g. borad smile and laughing)
6. Facial nerve - zygomatic and buccal branches

Question 43

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Hint - 3 parts: superior, intermediate and inferior

Answer 43

1. Longus Coli
2. 3 parts:
   
   1. Superior part - anterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C3-C5
   2. Intermediate part - anterior surface of vertebral bodies C5-T3
   3. Inferior part - anterior surface vertebral bodies T1-T3
3. 3 parts:
   
   1. Superior part - anterior tubercle of vertebra C1
   2. Intermediate part - anterior surface of vertebral bodies C2-C4
   3. Inferior part - anterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C5-C6
4. Bilateral - neck flexion
   Unilateral - neck contralateral rotation
   Unilateral - neck ipsilateral flexion
5. Anterior rami of spinal nerves C2-C6

Question 44

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 44

1. Depressor anguli oris muscle
2. Oral group
3. Mandible - the area near the external oblique line
4. Angle of the mouth
   Some fibres blend and provide origin for the orbicular oris muscle
   Fibres overlap those of the depressor labii inferioris muscle
5. Depresses the corners of the mouth in an inferior and lateral direction
   Antagonises levator anguli oris muscle
6. Facial - buccal and mandibular branches

Question 45

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 45

1. Lateral pterygoid muscle
2. Muscle of mastication
3. Infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone
   Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
4. Articular disc
   Capsule of TMJ
   Pterygoid fovea
5. Protrudes and depresses mandible
   Lateral excursion of mandible
6. Lateral pterygoid nerve
   branches of anterior division of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CNV3)

Question 46

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 46

1. Geniohyoid muscle
2. Submandubular gland
3. Submandubular duct
4. Inferior alveolar artery and nerve (branch of CNV3)
5. Lingual nerve (branch of CNV3)
6. Sublingular gland
7. Mylohyoid muscle

Question 47

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 47

1. Sternohyoid muscle
2. Omohyoid muscle - superior belly
3. Omohyoid muscle - inferior belly
4. Thyrohyoid muscle

Question 48

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles does it belong to?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 48

1. Sternothyroid
2. Infrahyoid muscles
3. Posterior surface of manubrium of sternum
   Costal cartilage of rib 1
4. Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
5. Depresses larynx
6. Anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C3 (via ansa cervicalis)

Question 49

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 49

1. Mentalis muscle
2. Oral group
3. Incisve fossa of mandible
4. Skin of chin
5. Elevates and protrudes lower lip - e.g. pouting
   Wrinkles skin of chin
6. Facial nerve - mandibular branch

Question 50

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 50

1. Sternocleidomastoid
2. 2 heads:
   
   1. Sternal head - superoanterior surface of manubrium of sternum
   2. Clavicular head - superior surface of medial third of clavicle
3. Lateral surface of mastoid process
   Lateral half of superior nuchal line
4. Bilateral - Atlanto-occipital joint/superior cervical spine - head and neck extension
   Bilateral - Inferior cervical spine - neck flexion
   Bilateral - Sternoclavicular joint - elevation of clavicle and manubrium of sternum
   Unilateral - Cervical spine - neck ipsilateral flexion and contralateral rotation
5. Accessory nerve (CNXI)
   Anterior rami of spinal nerves C2-C3

Question 51

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 51

1. Oribicularis oris muscle
2. Oral group
3. Bone - anterior midline of maxilla and mandible
   Muscular - angle of the mouth - fibres blend from levator anguli oris, depressor anguli oris, zygomaticus major and risorius muscles
4. Skin along the mouth
5. Closes, protrudes and purses lips
6. Facial nerve - buccal and mandibular branches

Question 52

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 52

1. Longus capitis muscle
2. Longus coli muscle

Question 53

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 53

1. Auricularis posterior muscle
2. Mastoid process of temporal bone
3. Posterior part of the auricle
4. Draws auricle posteriorly
5. Posterior auricular nerve (branch of facial nerve - CNVII)

Question 54

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 54

1. Lateral pterygoid muscle
2. Articular disc of TMJ
3. Sphenomandibular ligament
4. Medial pterygoid muscle
5. Buccinator muscle

Question 55

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles does it belong to?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 55

1. Omohyoid
2. Infrahyoid muscles
3. Superior border of scapula (adjacent to suprascapular notch)
4. Inferior border of body of hyoid bone
5. Depresses and draws hyoid bone posteriorly
6. Anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C3 (via ansa cervicalis)

Question 56

1. What is this muscle?
2. What group of muscles is it part of?
3. What is its origin?
4. What is its insertion?
5. What is its function?
6. What is its innervation?

Answer 56

1. Buccinator muscle
2. Oral group
3. Pterygomandibular raphe
   Alveolar margins of the maxilla and mandible
4. Some fibres belnd and provide origin for the orbicularis oris
   Some fibres blend into the upper and lower lips
5. Aid mastication - keeps food bolus between cheek and teeth
   Helps forcibly expel air
   Helps create a sucking action
6. Facial nerve - buccal branch

Question 57

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 57

1. Platysma
2. Mylohyoid muscle
3. Thyrohyoid muscle
4. Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
5. Sternohyoid muscle
6. Sternothyroid muscle
7. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 58

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 58

1. Frontalis muscle / frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle
2. Mentalis muscle
3. Drepressor labii inferioris muscle
4. Depressor anguli oris muscle

Question 59

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 59

1. Occipitalis muscle (occipital belly of occipitalfrontalis muscle)
2. Auricularis posterior muscle
3. Auricularis superior muscle
4. Auricularis anterior muscle
5. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
6. Levator labii superioris msucle
7. Zygomaticus minor muscle
8. Zygomaticus major muscle

Question 60

Identify the following structures in this image:

(Ignore labels 3 and 4)

Answer 60

1. Medial pterygoid muscle
2. Sphenomandibular ligament
3. Lateral pterygoid muscle
4. Pterygoid hamulus

Question 61

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 61

1. Splenius capitis
2. Ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes C7-T3
3. Mastoid process of the temporal bone
   Lateral third of the superior nuchal line of occipital bone
4. Bilateral - extension of head and neck
   Unilateral - ipsilateral flexion of head and neck
5. Posterior rami of the middle cervical spinal nerves
   (Variation C2-C3 or C3-C4)

Question 62

1. What is this muscle?
2. What is its origin?
3. What is its insertion?
4. What is its function?
5. What is its innervation?

Answer 62

1. Levator scapulae
2. Transverse processes of C1-C4
3. Superior portion of the medial (vertebral) border of scapula
4. Elevates the superior angle of the scapula, drawing it medially
   Rotates scapula
   When the scapula is held in a fixed postion: levator scapulae bends the neck ipsilaterally and rotates the head ipsilaterally
5. C3 and C4 via cervical plexus
   Branch of the dorsal scapular nerve (C5) to the lower fibres of the muscle

Question 63

Identify the following structures in this image:

Answer 63

1. Levator Scapulae muscle
2. Splenius Capitis muscle