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SE revision course > Head and neck leftovers > Flashcards

Head and neck leftovers Flashcards

1
Q

Which age do the cranial sutures ossify by?

A

18-24 months

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2
Q

By which age does the mastoid bone develop?

A

2 years

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3
Q

Tear to which vessel might cause subdural haematoma?

A

Cerebral vein and bridging veins

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

What tissues go through foramen magnum

A

Nerves
-Spinal root accessory nerve
-Lower end of medulla

Tissues
-Tectorial membranes
-Apical ligament of the dens

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6
Q

What goes through foramen lacerum?

A

-ICA: passes along superior surface but does not traverse it
-Nerve of pterygoid canal (vidian nerve) –> deep petrosal + superficial greater petrosal

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7
Q

What goes through optic canal?

A

-Optic nerve + 3 layers of dura –> infection of meninges is seen as papilledema
-Opthalmic artery (end artery)
-Sympathetic nerves

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8
Q

What goes through carotid canal?

A

SIDE
-Sympathetic plexus around arteries
-Internal carotid artery
-Deep petrosal nerve
-Emissary vein

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9
Q

What goes through jugular foramen?

A

-Anterior: inferior petrosal sinus
-Intermediate: glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves
-Posterior: sigmoid sinus (becoming internal jugular vein) and some meningeal branches from occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries

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10
Q

What goes through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

-Stylomastoid artery
-Facial nerve

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11
Q

43, 44

A
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12
Q

15, 17, 20, 23

A
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13
Q

What are the causes of lytic skull lesions?

A

-Lytic skeletal metastasis
-Multiple myeloma
-Paget’s disease
-Sarcoidosis
-Osteomyelitis
-Haemangioma

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14
Q

Where do the cavernous sinuses drain blood from?

A

-Superior opthalmic veins
-Facial vein
-Emissary veins from pterygoid plexus
-Sphenoparietal sinuses

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15
Q

Where do the cavernous sinuses drain blood to?

A

-Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
-IJV
-Intercavernous sinus

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16
Q

What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?

A

OTOMCAt

Lateral wall components (top to bottom)
-Oculomotor nerve
-Trochlear nerve
-Opthalmic nerve
-Maxillary nerve

Contents of the sinus (medial to lateral)
-Internal carotid artery (and sympathetic plexus)
-Abducens nerve

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17
Q

What is the clinical significance of cavernous sinus drainage?

A

-Infections are drained from dangerous area of the face (by opthalmic and facial veins) may spread to cavernous sinus as the draining veins are valveless

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

What is the major vein draining the brain parenchyma?

A

Great cerebral vein

20
Q

Describe the location of the the straiht sinus

A

Junction of tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebri

21
Q

What is the blood supply to temporalis?

A

Deep temporal arteries (anterior and posterior) from maxillary artery

22
Q

Whatartery supplies scalp over temporalis muscle?

A

-Superficial temporal artery from ECA

23
Q

What regions are drained by the pre-auricular lymph nodes?

A

-Upper half of face
-Temporal region
-Auricle and external auditory meatus
-Gums

24
Q

What is the roof of the middle ear?

A

Tegmen tympani

25
Q

How do middle ear infections cross the skull?

A

By direct erosion of tegmen tympani, may also spread to mastoid air cells causing mastoiditis

26
Q

Why does a patient with acoustic neuroma hear sounds loudly on the affected side?

A

-Facial nerve palsy with paralysis of stapedius

27
Q

5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15-18, 19, arrows

A
28
Q
A
29
Q

What is a chiari malformation?

A

-Condition affecting the brain. Consists of downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum causing non-communicating hydrocephalus as a result of obstruction of CSF outflow

30
Q
A
31
Q

Describe the vertebral arteries

A

-They enter the cranial cavity via foramen magnum
-Lie in subarachnoid space
-Ascend on anterior surface of medulla oblongata
-Unite to form basilar artery at the base of the pons

32
Q

What are the branches of the vertebral arteries?

A

-Posterior spinal artery
-Anterior spinal artery
-Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

33
Q

What are the branches of the basilar artery?

A

-Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
-Labyrinthine artery
-Pontine arteries
-Superior cerebellar artery
-Posterior cerebral artery

34
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid?

A

-Ophthalmic artery
-Posterior communicating artery
-Middle cerebral artery
-Anterior cerebral artery

35
Q

How does the vertebral artery enter the skull?

A

-Via foramen magnum
-Crosses transversely across posterior arch of atlas

36
Q

What does the vertebral artery and basilar artery supply in the brain?

A

-Medulla, cerebellum, pons, midbrain, thalamus, occipital cortex

37
Q

Which vein drains the danger triangle of the face?

A

Inferior ophthalmic vein

38
Q

What branch is given off by the ICA before ACA, MCA?

A

Ophthalmic artery

39
Q

What signs would you get with MCA infarct?

A

-Contralateral hemiparesis
-Contralateral hemisensory loss
-Hemianopia
-Aphasia if in dominant hemisphere
-Neglect if in non dominant hemisphere

40
Q
A
41
Q

What is the anterior attachment of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

-Superior angle of the petrous part of the temporal bone

42
Q

What blood vessel supplies the inner table of the temporal bone?

A

-Middle meningeal artery

43
Q

If there is a tumour in the precentral gyrus, what is the bone to penetrate?

A

Parietal bone

44
Q

What structure is the oculomotor nerve pressed against?

A

Petrous part of temporal bone and tentorium cerebelli

45
Q
A
46
Q

1, 5, 8, 19, 23, 24, 26, 36

A

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