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Anatomy > Head and Neck - CNS and Long Tracts > Flashcards

Head and Neck - CNS and Long Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three germ layers and what they give rise to - point to them

A
  1. Ectoderm (Blue): nervous system and epidermis
  2. Endoderm (Yellow): lining of gut, respiratory and urogenital tracts
  3. Mesoderm (Red): muscles, bones, CN, fat - protect and nurture the other layers
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2
Q

What is neurulation? Name the parts involved

A

ectoderm folds to form the neural tube and neural crest

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3
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to?

A

CNS, brain, brainstem, and spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the neural crest differentiate into?

A

Many types of cells

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5
Q

Name the 5 regions of development - point to them

A

1.Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon
3. Mesencephalon
4. Metencephalon
5. Myelencephalon

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6
Q

Name the 3 flexures seen between regions of development - point to them

A
  1. Cephalic flexure
  2. Pontine flexure
  3. Cervical flexure
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7
Q

Name the embryologic structures of CNS from the telencephalon

A

Walls: cerebral hemispheres
Cavities: Lateral ventricles

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8
Q

Name the embryologic structures of CNS from the diencephalon

A

Walls: thalamus
Cavities: third ventricle

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9
Q

Name the embryologic structures of CNS from the mesencephalon

A

Walls: midbrain
Cavities: aqueduct

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10
Q

Name the embryologic structures of CNS from the metencephalon

A

Walls: pons and cerebellum
Cavities: fourth ventricle

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11
Q

Name the embryologic structures of CNS from the myelencephalon

A

Walls: medulla
Cavities: fourth ventricle

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12
Q

Name the 6 parts of the brainstem and superior spinal cord

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Midbrain
  3. Pons
  4. Cerebellum
  5. Medulla
  6. Spinal cord
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13
Q

Name the three parts in the Thalamus

A
  1. Epithalamus (pineal gland): Day to night- seasonal cycles
  2. Hypothalamus - primal drives
  3. Pituitary gland - Growth, thyroid, water balance, lactation, pregnancy maintainance
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14
Q

Thalamus function

A

Switchboard of brain - associated with optic nerve

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15
Q

Midbrain function

A

Assists with motor planning, jaw proprioception

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16
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Coordination of ongoing motor activity

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17
Q

Pons function

A

-Relay between cortex and cerebellum
-Muscles of mastication
-Fine touch of face

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18
Q

Medulla function

A

-Cardiorespiratory center
-Pain sensation in head
-Facial movement
-Swallowing

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19
Q

Spinal cord functions

A

Motor and sensory cells and tracts to and from the body

Brain –> body = motor
Body –> brain= sensory

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20
Q

What happens to the telencephalon as it grows? What is the benefit?

A

Gets “wrinkly” = form sulci (grooves) and gyri (bumps)

This increases surface area = room for grey matter

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21
Q

Name the parts of an adult brain - point to them

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Insular lobe - is overgrown compared to fetus
  3. Parietal lobe
  4. Temporal lobe
  5. Occipital lobe
  6. Cerebellum and brainstem
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22
Q

Name the 2 main gyrus and 2 main sulcus of the brain

A
  1. Precentral gyrus = motor
  2. Postcentral gyrus = sensory
  3. Central sulcus
  4. Lateral sulcus
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23
Q

Name the 13 parts of the brain visualized internally - point to them

A
  1. Corpus callosum
  2. Septum pellucidem
  3. Fornix
  4. Thalamus
  5. Hypothalamus
  6. Pons
  7. Medulla oblongata
  8. Spinal cord
  9. Cerebrum
  10. Calcarine sulcus
  11. Parieto-occipital sulcus
  12. Pineal gland
  13. Midbrain
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24
Q

Name the 8 parts of the brain that can be seen inferiorly

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Longitudinal cerebral fissure
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Hypophysis (pituitary)
  5. Pons
  6. Medulla oblongata
  7. Cervical cord
  8. Cerebellum
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25
What sulcus divides the lower and upper visual fields?
The calcarine sulcus
26
What communicates the left and right brain?
Corpus callosum
27
Function of the frontal lobe
Personality, motor activity, executive impulse control
28
Function of the pre-central gyrus
Primary motor cortex
29
Function of the parietal lobe
Perception of senses, mathematics, language
30
Function of the post-central gyrus
Primary somatosensory cortex
31
Function of the temporal lobe
Memory emotion hearing language
32
Function of the occipital lobe
Vision
33
Function of the longitudinal cerebral fissure
Separate left and right cortex
34
Function of the central sulcus
Separates the frontal and parietal lobes
35
Function of the lateral sulcus
Separates the frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe
36
Function of the Parieto-occipital sulcus
Separates parietal and occipital lobes
37
Name the 3 Inferior parts of the cranial fossa.
1. Anterior 2. Middle 3. Posterior
38
What composes anterior cranial fossa? Which bone does it sit?
Has: -Frontal lobes -Orbit of eyes Bones: -Frontal - Ethmoid -Sphenoid
39
What composes middle cranial fossa? Which bone does it sit?
Has: -Temporal lobes -Pituitary gland -Hypothalamus Bones: -Sphenoid -Temporal bones
40
What composes posterior cranial fossa? Which bone does it sit?
Has: -Cerebellum -Pons -Medulla Bones: -Temporal bones -Occipital bones
41
Why do cranial nerves and vessels have to transverse to reach the CNS?
The dura matter
42
Name the three meningeal layers
Dura matter Arachnoid matter Pia Matter
43
Three functions of the Dura matter
1. Physically supports the brain and brain stem 2. Returns Venous blood from the brain to the internal jugular veins 3. Receives the majority of its blood supply from the middle meningeal artery
44
Name the 2 folds from the dura matter and what they separate
Falx cerebri: the right and left lobes of the cortex Tentorium cerebelli: occipital and temporal lobes from the cerebellum
45
What does the arachnoid matter do?
Is deep the dura matter and transmitts vessels to and from the brain
46
Where does the pia matter sit on?
On the surface of the CNS - Tightly adherent to the underlying nervous tissue
47
Four parts of the ventricular system of the brain
1. Lateral ventricles 2. Third Ventricle 3. Fourth ventricle 4. Cerebral aqueduct
48
Name the structure found inside each ventricle the filters the blood to create cerebrospinal fluid
Choroid plexus
49
CSF flow in the brain
CSF flows through ventricles inside the CNS to reach subarachnoid space outside to CNS through holes in the pia matter
50
What is the function of CSF?
Acts as a shock absorber Prevents contusions and concussions
51
What's the difference between a contussion concussion?
Contussion: Bruise of the brain caused by forceful contact between the brain and skull Concussions: same, but it involves loss of consciousness
52
Name three examples of find touch receptors
1. Meissner corpuscles 2. Merkel cells 3. Ruffini end organs * they trap nerve endings in multilayer structures that cause depolarization as they deform
53
What sensory receptor response to change in pressure?
Pacinian corpuscles Found deep in the fascia
54
Which sensory receptor is sensitive to pain and temperature?
Free nerve endings
55
How does sensory receptors work? what gauges the importance of their inputs?
- send information to the CNS along sensory nerves - the thickness of myelin gouges the importance of the inputs
56
Name the two types of sensory receptors that are heavily myelinated
1. Proprioceptors: -muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organs 2. Fine touch receptors -meissner corpuscles -merkel endings -pacinian corpuscles
57
Name the two types of sensory receptors that are lightly and no myelinated
Pain, temperature and crude touch
58
Name the two type of sensory input to the CNS
1. Dorsal column- Medial Lemniscal System (DCML) 2. Anterolateral system/ Spinothalamic tract
59
Which sensory input are carried by the DCML?
Receives find touch and vibration from skin Receives proprioceptive input from muscle spindle fibers, and Golgi tendon organs
60
Which sensory input are carried by the anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract?
Receives pain, temperature, and crude touch sensation from skin
61

Anatomy (6 decks)

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