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Anatomy > Head and Neck - CNS and Long Tracts > Flashcards

Head and Neck - CNS and Long Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three germ layers and what they give rise to - point to them

A
  1. Ectoderm (Blue): nervous system and epidermis
  2. Endoderm (Yellow): lining of gut, respiratory and urogenital tracts
  3. Mesoderm (Red): muscles, bones, CN, fat - protect and nurture the other layers
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2
Q

What is neurulation? Name the parts involved

A

ectoderm folds to form the neural tube and neural crest

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3
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to?

A

CNS, brain, brainstem, and spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the neural crest differentiate into?

A

Many types of cells

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5
Q

Name the 5 regions of development - point to them

A

1.Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon
3. Mesencephalon
4. Metencephalon
5. Myelencephalon

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6
Q

Name the 3 flexures seen between regions of development - point to them

A
  1. Cephalic flexure
  2. Pontine flexure
  3. Cervical flexure
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7
Q

Name the embryologic structures of CNS from the telencephalon

A

Walls: cerebral hemispheres
Cavities: Lateral ventricles

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8
Q

Name the embryologic structures of CNS from the diencephalon

A

Walls: thalamus
Cavities: third ventricle

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9
Q

Name the embryologic structures of CNS from the mesencephalon

A

Walls: midbrain
Cavities: aqueduct

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10
Q

Name the embryologic structures of CNS from the metencephalon

A

Walls: pons and cerebellum
Cavities: fourth ventricle

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11
Q

Name the embryologic structures of CNS from the myelencephalon

A

Walls: medulla
Cavities: fourth ventricle

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12
Q

Name the 6 parts of the brainstem and superior spinal cord

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Midbrain
  3. Pons
  4. Cerebellum
  5. Medulla
  6. Spinal cord
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13
Q

Name the three parts in the Thalamus

A
  1. Epithalamus (pineal gland): Day to night- seasonal cycles
  2. Hypothalamus - primal drives
  3. Pituitary gland - Growth, thyroid, water balance, lactation, pregnancy maintainance
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14
Q

Thalamus function

A

Switchboard of brain - associated with optic nerve

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15
Q

Midbrain function

A

Assists with motor planning, jaw proprioception

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16
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Coordination of ongoing motor activity

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17
Q

Pons function

A

-Relay between cortex and cerebellum
-Muscles of mastication
-Fine touch of face

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18
Q

Medulla function

A

-Cardiorespiratory center
-Pain sensation in head
-Facial movement
-Swallowing

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19
Q

Spinal cord functions

A

Motor and sensory cells and tracts to and from the body

Brain –> body = motor
Body –> brain= sensory

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20
Q

What happens to the telencephalon as it grows? What is the benefit?

A

Gets “wrinkly” = form sulci (grooves) and gyri (bumps)

This increases surface area = room for grey matter

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21
Q

Name the parts of an adult brain - point to them

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Insular lobe - is overgrown compared to fetus
  3. Parietal lobe
  4. Temporal lobe
  5. Occipital lobe
  6. Cerebellum and brainstem
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22
Q

Name the 2 main gyrus and 2 main sulcus of the brain

A
  1. Precentral gyrus = motor
  2. Postcentral gyrus = sensory
  3. Central sulcus
  4. Lateral sulcus
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23
Q

Name the 13 parts of the brain visualized internally - point to them

A
  1. Corpus callosum
  2. Septum pellucidem
  3. Fornix
  4. Thalamus
  5. Hypothalamus
  6. Pons
  7. Medulla oblongata
  8. Spinal cord
  9. Cerebrum
  10. Calcarine sulcus
  11. Parieto-occipital sulcus
  12. Pineal gland
  13. Midbrain
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24
Q

Name the 8 parts of the brain that can be seen inferiorly

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Longitudinal cerebral fissure
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Hypophysis (pituitary)
  5. Pons
  6. Medulla oblongata
  7. Cervical cord
  8. Cerebellum
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25
Q

What sulcus divides the lower and upper visual fields?

A

The calcarine sulcus

26
Q

What communicates the left and right brain?

A

Corpus callosum

27
Q

Function of the frontal lobe

A

Personality, motor activity, executive impulse control

28
Q

Function of the pre-central gyrus

A

Primary motor cortex

29
Q

Function of the parietal lobe

A

Perception of senses, mathematics, language

30
Q

Function of the post-central gyrus

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

31
Q

Function of the temporal lobe

A

Memory
emotion
hearing
language

32
Q

Function of the occipital lobe

A

Vision

33
Q

Function of the longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

Separate left and right cortex

34
Q

Function of the central sulcus

A

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes

35
Q

Function of the lateral sulcus

A

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe

36
Q

Function of the Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

Separates parietal and occipital lobes

37
Q

Name the 3 Inferior parts of the cranial fossa.

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle
  3. Posterior
38
Q

What composes anterior cranial fossa?
Which bone does it sit?

A

Has:
-Frontal lobes
-Orbit of eyes

Bones:
-Frontal
- Ethmoid
-Sphenoid

39
Q

What composes middle cranial fossa?
Which bone does it sit?

A

Has:
-Temporal lobes
-Pituitary gland
-Hypothalamus

Bones:
-Sphenoid
-Temporal bones

40
Q

What composes posterior cranial fossa?
Which bone does it sit?

A

Has:
-Cerebellum
-Pons
-Medulla

Bones:
-Temporal bones
-Occipital bones

41
Q

Why do cranial nerves and vessels have to transverse to reach the CNS?

A

The dura matter

42
Q

Name the three meningeal layers

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia Matter

43
Q

Three functions of the Dura matter

A
  1. Physically supports the brain and brain stem
  2. Returns Venous blood from the brain to the internal jugular veins
  3. Receives the majority of its blood supply from the middle meningeal artery
44
Q

Name the 2 folds from the dura matter and what they separate

A

Falx cerebri: the right and left lobes of the cortex

Tentorium cerebelli: occipital and temporal lobes from the cerebellum

45
Q

What does the arachnoid matter do?

A

Is deep the dura matter and transmitts vessels to and from the brain

46
Q

Where does the pia matter sit on?

A

On the surface of the CNS

  • Tightly adherent to the underlying nervous tissue
47
Q

Four parts of the ventricular system of the brain

A
  1. Lateral ventricles
  2. Third Ventricle
  3. Fourth ventricle
  4. Cerebral aqueduct
48
Q

Name the structure found inside each ventricle the filters the blood to create cerebrospinal fluid

A

Choroid plexus

49
Q

CSF flow in the brain

A

CSF flows through ventricles inside the CNS to reach subarachnoid space outside to CNS through holes in the pia matter

50
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Acts as a shock absorber

Prevents contusions and concussions

51
Q

What’s the difference between a contussion concussion?

A

Contussion: Bruise of the brain caused by forceful contact between the brain and skull
Concussions: same, but it involves loss of consciousness

52
Q

Name three examples of find touch receptors

A
  1. Meissner corpuscles
  2. Merkel cells
  3. Ruffini end organs
  • they trap nerve endings in multilayer structures that cause depolarization as they deform
53
Q

What sensory receptor response to change in pressure?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

Found deep in the fascia

54
Q

Which sensory receptor is sensitive to pain and temperature?

A

Free nerve endings

55
Q

How does sensory receptors work?
what gauges the importance of their inputs?

A
  • send information to the CNS along sensory nerves
  • the thickness of myelin gouges the importance of the inputs
56
Q

Name the two types of sensory receptors that are heavily myelinated

A
  1. Proprioceptors:
    -muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organs
  2. Fine touch receptors
    -meissner corpuscles
    -merkel endings
    -pacinian corpuscles
57
Q

Name the two types of sensory receptors that are lightly and no myelinated

A

Pain, temperature and crude touch

58
Q

Name the two type of sensory input to the CNS

A
  1. Dorsal column- Medial Lemniscal System (DCML)
  2. Anterolateral system/ Spinothalamic tract
59
Q

Which sensory input are carried by the DCML?

A

Receives find touch and vibration from skin

Receives proprioceptive input from muscle spindle fibers, and Golgi tendon organs

60
Q

Which sensory input are carried by the anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract?

A

Receives pain, temperature, and crude touch sensation from skin

61
Q
A

Anatomy (6 decks)

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