Head and neck cancers Flashcards
RF
smoking, men, alcohol, betel nut, HPV infection
which HPV is most linked to oral cancer
16
what are the divisions of the larynx
supra glottis (from the epiglottis to the false VC)
glottis (true VC)
subglottis (inferior border of the glottis to the cricoid cartilage)
which larynx cancer presents first and therefore has the most favourable prognosis
glottis
what’s the 2WW for larynx cancer
45+ with a persistent hoarseness of voice or a unexplained neck lump
which are the investigations for a larynx cancer
1) direct visualisation with a flexible nasolaryngoscope
2) FNA if there is a solitary neck lump
3) MRI is imaging of choice
4) PET CT for staging
apart from hoarseness of voice how might a H+N cancer present
dysphagia, odynophagia, unexplained neck lump, referred otalgia
give two differentials for larynx cancer
1) papilloma which is a benign wart like lesion which arises secondary to HPV infection and present with cough and hoarseness
2) vocal cord polyps from someone excessively using their voice
what’s the most common type of benign thyroid neoplasm
an follicular adenoma
how do papillary thyroid cancers spread
via lymphatics
how do follicular thyroid cancers spread
haematogenous
RF for thyroid cancer
female, obesty, benign thyroid disease and radiation exposure
what are red flags of thyroid nodules
age <20 or >60, firmness of a nodule, rapid growth and regional lymphadenopathy
Once you have done an US and FNA on a thyroid and results are equivocal, what do you do next
repeat FNAC or do a diagnostic hemithyroidectomy
considerations after doing a thyroidectomy
check Ca and do lifeline thyroxine replacement
