Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What does glandular tissue produce
A
Chemical substances necessary for normal body function
2
Q
What is exocrine
A
duct
3
Q
What is endocrine
A
no duct
4
Q
What is the lacrimal Glands’ innervation
A
lacrimal nerves
5
Q
What are the 3 major functions of the salivary glands?
A
- Lubricates food
- cleanses
- digestive
6
Q
What are the 2 minor functions of the salivary glands?
A
- Helps with taste
2. remineralization
7
Q
Which gland is physically largest?
A
Parotid
8
Q
What percentage of total saliva does the parotid gland produce?
A
25%
9
Q
What are the two types of secretions?
A
mucus and serous
10
Q
What type of secretion is associated with the parotid gland?
A
only serous
11
Q
Where is the parotid gland located?
A
The parotid space
12
Q
Which gland is drained by stensen’s duct?
A
parotid gland
13
Q
Which gland generates the most salvia and how much?
A
Submandibular 65-70%
14
Q
Which gland is known as the ‘Gleek gland’
A
Submandibular
15
Q
Where is stensen’s duct located
A
opposite of maxillary 2nd molar
16
Q
Wharton’s duct drains?
A
Submandibular glands
17
Q
What is the second largest gland
A
Submandibular
18
Q
What type of secretion is associated with the submandibular glands?
A
mucus and serous
19
Q
What is the location of the submandibular glands
A
the submandibular space
20
Q
Pure mucous secretion are produced by?
A
sublingual glands
21
Q
Bartholins duct drains?
A
Sublingual glands
22
Q
What percentage of total saliva do the sublingual glands produce?
A
5-10%
23
Q
What is ANS
A
automatic nervous system
24
Q
What are the two divisions of the automatic nervous system
A
Parasympathetic innervation
Sympathetic innervation
25
What does the parasympathetic innervation do?
increases saliva production
26
What is the innervation of the parotid gland?
IX via otic ganglion
27
What is the innervation of the submandibular and sublingual glands?
V11 via submandibular ganglion
28
What does the sympathetic innervation do?
indirectly exerts its effect via blood vessels to the glands
29
Where are the minor salivary glands found?
```
on the buccal and lingual mucosa
-soft palate; lateral hard palate
-floor of the mouth
-Surrounding circumvallate papillae
(all are exocrine/have ducts)
```
30
What is the largest endocrine gland?
The thyroid gland
31
A diffuse swelling of the soft tissues is
Cellulitis
32
Where is the thyroid gland located?
The junction at the larynx and trachia
33
Thyroid gland innervation?
cervical ganglia
34
How many parathyroid glands are there?
4
35
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
in the thyroid
36
What is the parathyroid innervation?
cervical ganglia
37
What do the parathyroid glands secrete?
parathyroid hormone
38
What is the thymus
maturation of T-cell lymphocytes
39
Where is the thymus located?
Deep to sternum and inferior to the thyroid
40
What is the thymus innervation?
branches of X and some cervical nerves
41
what are lymph nodes
bean-shaped bodies which are filled with lymphatic tissue and lymphocytes
42
What are afferent vessels
flow into vessels
43
What are efferent vessels; hilus
flow out of vessels
44
Describe healthy lymph nodes
small, soft and mobile
45
What are lymphocytes
functional cells of the lymph system
46
What is lymphadenopathy?
disease state of lymph nodes and/or vessels
47
What is tonsillar tissue?
mass of lymphoid tissue near airway and food passages
48
What are the superficial facial lymph nodes?
1. occipital
2. retroauricular
3. anterior auricular
4. superficial parotid
5. Facial
49
Where are the occipital lymph nodes?
occipital scalp and base of head
50
Where are the retroauricular nodes?
posterior to ear
51
Where are the anterior auricular nodes?
anterior to ear
52
where are the superficial parotid nodes?
esternal ear, lacrimal gland & face
53
where are the facial nodes?
most facial tissues->follows facial vein
54
What do the deep facial lymph nodes include
deep parotid and retropharyngeal groups that drain to superior deep cervical nodes
55
What nodes can not be palpated
deep facial lymph nodes
56
What are the superficial Cervical lymph nodes
1. submental
2. submandibular
3. external jugular
4. anterior jugular
57
Where are the submental nodes located
inferior to chin and superficial to mylohyoid
58
Mandibular incisors drain directly to
submental glands
59
What drains into the submental glands?
1. chin
2. lower lip
3. floor of the mouth.
4. tip of the tongue
5. mandibular incisors
60
Where does the submental empty to?
Submandibular nodes
61
Where are the submandibular nodes located?
inferior border of the rams and mandible
62
What drains to the submandibular lymph nodes
1. cheek
2. upper lip
3. body of tongue
4. anterior hard palate
5. all teeth except mandibular incisors and max 3rd molars
63
What does the submandibular empty to
Superior deep cervical
64
Where are the external jugular nodes located
lateral to external jugular
65
Where are the anterior jugular nodes located
medial/lateral to anterior jugular
66
Where do the external and anterior nodes empty?
to the inferior deep cervical nodes
67
Where are the superior deep cervical lymph nodes located
adjacent to internal jugular
68
What drains into superior deep cervical lymph nodes?
1. maxillary 3rd molars (1&16)
2. posterior hard palate
3. soft palate
4. base of tongue
69
What do the superior deep cervical lymph nodes empty to?
inferior deep cervical nodes
70
Which space is defined by the buccinators and oral mucosa?
Maxillary vestibular space
71
Ludwig’s angina is infection of:
Submandibular and submental spaces
72
What are the functional cells of the lymph system?
Lymphocytes
73
True or false: deep lymph nodes cannot by palpated
True
74
All teeth except the mandibular incisors and maxillary 3rd molars drain directly to
Submandibular nodes
75
Which node drains the maxillary 3rds molars
Superior deep cervical node
76
Three examples of dental infections are
1. Abscess
2. cellulitis
3. osteomyelitis
77
Location of inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
deep to SCM (continuation of superior group)
78
What drains into the inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
most lymph from the head
79
Where does the inferior deep cervical lymph nodes empty
to the jugular trunk
80
lymphatic anatomy on the right side
a) vessels collect into the right lymphatic duct
| b) lymphatic duct empties into the junction of right subclavian and right internal jugular veins
81
Lymphatic anatomy on the left side
a) vessels collect into the left thoracic duct
| b) left thoracic duct empties into the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
82
Where do the tonsils drain to?
superior deep cervical nodes
83
What are the pharyngeal tonsils
adenoids
84
What are the lingual tonsils
at the dorsal base of tongue
85
what are the palatine tonsils
typically seen when swollen
86
what are the tubal tonsils
near opening to eustachian tube
87
What is fascia
fibrous connective tissue
88
where is fascia located
deep to skin, surrounds organs and tissues
| -can be superficial or deep
89
Where is superficial fascia
just deep to skin
90
what is the function of superficial fascia
allows skin to move independent of deeper structures
91
What is superficial fascia composed of
varying thickness of irregularly arranged connective tissue and fat
92
Where is deep fascia located
surrounding bones, muscles, nerves and vessels
93
What is the function of deep fascia
protective
94
What is deep fascia composed of
dense, inelastic fibrous tissue
95
What are the deep fasciae of the face
temporal, massetri-parotid, pterygoid
96
What are the deep cervical fasciae
investing, vertebral, carotid sheath, visceral facia
97
What is the definition of fascial spaces
Potential spaces between fascial layers (loose connective tissue)
98
Why do we need to know fascial spaces
to understand the spread of infections and complications of local anesthetics
99
Where is the maxillary vestibular face
medial to the buccinator and lateral to the oral mucosa
100
Where is the mandibular vestibular space
medial to buccinator, lateral to the oral mucosa
| --can communicate with the body of the mandible
101
Where is the canine space
maxillary
deep to skin, zygomaticus minor and elevator labii superiors
canine fossa of the maxilla
102
Swelling of this space can cause the eye to swell shut
canine space
103
Where is the buccal space
maxillary and mandibular
lateral to the buccinator
medial and anterior to masseter
104
Where is the parotid space located
envelopes the parotid gland
105
What does the parotid space contain
External carotid, retromandibular vein and VII
106
does VII innervate the parotid space?
hell naaaah
107
where is the mandibular body space
encases mandible from symphysis to anterior edge of medial pterygoid and masseter
108
What does the mandibular body space communicate with
vestibular space of mandible, buccal, submittal, submandibular, sublingual
--communication is easy once periosteum breached
109
Where is the submental space
top of mylohyoid, anterior bellies of digastric, superficial cervical fascia
110
Where is the submandibular space
medial and superior mylohyoid, superior mandible, lateral and posterior to submental space
111
Where are the infections of mandibular posterior teeth generally?
submandibular space
112
Where is the sublingual space
mylohyoid, mandible, oral mucosa and tongue, sublingual gland, Ludwig angina
113
What are signs of inflammation
H-heat
E-edema
R-redness
P-pain
114
What is the infectious process
Virulence of the organism
Resistance of the host
Dose
few other factors....
115
True or false? Infection and cancer cause changes in the nodes
true
116
What is the metastasis?
Spreading of cancer
117
An inflammation of bone marrow causes this type of dental infection
Osteomyelitis
118
what are dental infections/ odontogentic infections
Abscess
Cellulitis
Osteomyelitis
119
What is an abscess
local area of trapped pathogens
120
Where does a fistula drain
into the oral cavity
121
Where does a stoma drain
outside the body
122
What is a cellulitis
diffuse edema from inflammation-more dangerous than an abscess
123
What is an osteomyelitis
an inflammation of bone marrow
124
How does an infection spread
Sinus->blood stream->lymphatics->spaces
125
What is sinusitis
usually upper respiratory tract origin
126
What is bacteremia
bacteria in the bloodstream
127
What are primary nodes
first nodes to drain a tissue
128
Describe the boundaries and location of the submandibular space
Mylohyoid
Mandible
Lateral and posterior to the submental space
129
Describe the boundaries of the sublingual space
Mylohyoid
Mandible
Oral mucosa
130
What is puss
Liquified necrotic tissue
131
What kind of nervous system stimuli and which cranial nerve stimulates parotid gland secretions
Parasympathetic simulation
| Cranial nerve IX
132
Which gland carries sublingual gland secretions
Bartholins duct
133
Describe lymph nodes tha are responding to an infection
Firm mobile and tender
