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Anatomy Semester 2 > Head and neck > Flashcards

Head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the ear?

A

External - auricle, external auditory meatus, external surface of the tympanic membrane.

Middle- Internal surface of tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, ossicles, pharyngotymapnic tube

Internal- Auditory apparatus, vestibular apparatus, internal auditory meatus, vestibulococchlear nerve (CN VIII)

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2
Q

External ear

A

Elastic cartilage

Lymph to parotid and cervical lymph nodes

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3
Q

External auditory meatus

A

Lateral 1/3rd- elastic cartilage, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands.

Medial 2/3- Bone lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Nerves- Mainly auriculotemporal but also auricular branches

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4
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Outer- stratified squamous, inner mucous membrane
Chorda tympani across medial surface
Malleus attached to inner surface

Lateral surface- auriculotemporal nerve and auricualr branch

Medial surface- tympanic branches from glossopharyngeal

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5
Q

Chorda tympani

A

Crosses medial surface of tympanic membrane and handle of melleus
Leaves tympanic cavity through petrotympanic fissure

Is a branch of the facial nerve

Joins lingual nerve
Parasympathetic= sub-lingual and sub- mandibular salivary glands

Special sense of taste for ant 2/3 of tongue

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6
Q

Auditory tube

A

Connects nasopharynx with tympanic membrane

Lateral- bony canal lined with mucosa
Medial- cartilagenous and membranous
Normally closed, but when tensor veli tymapni contract, lumen opens

Equalises pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane

Sensory via CN IX

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7
Q

Middle ear arterial supply

A

Anterior tympanic artery from 1st part of the maxillary artery.

Contributions from ascending pharyngeal, middle meningeal

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8
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

Surrounded by optic capsule
Otic capsule is very dense within petrous temporal bone - NOT bony labyrinth but surrounds it

A system of canals with with perilymph

Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular canals

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9
Q

Membranous labyrinths

A

Continuous system of ducts and sacs inside bony labyrinth

Suspending in perilymph but contains endolymph

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10
Q

Perilymph and endolymph

A

Conduct sound vibrations and respond to mechanical forces

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11
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Lie posterior and lateral to vestibule
Anterior, posterior and lateral parts
Anterior and posterior parts sit and right angles and the lateral parts sit horizontal
Contain semi-circular ducts (continuous with utricle)
Each duct swells at end = ampullae

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12
Q

Ampullae

A

Each ampulla houses equilibrium receptor called crista ampullaris which respond to angular movements of the head

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13
Q

Vestibule

A

Bony labyrinth
inside are 2 membranous sacs- utricle and saccule

House equilibrium receptors called maculae= respond to pull of gravity and changes in head position

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14
Q

Inner ear arterial supply

A

Main supply from internal auditory
Internal auditory branches form common cochlear and vestibular arteries
Internal auditory usually a branch of anteroinferior cerebellar a or basilar a

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15
Q

Larynx

A

Voice production, hyaline cartilage and small synovial plane joints

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16
Q

Cuneiform

A

within aryepiglottic folds to support them

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17
Q

Corniculate

A

Attach to aryepiglottic folds

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18
Q

Epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage
Anterior connections with hyoid bone and posterior surface of thyroid cartilage.
Posterior connections with arytenoid cartilages via aryenepiglottic folds

19
Q

Quadrangular ligament

A

Arytenoid cartilages to epiglottis

Free edge - vestibular ligament- false vocal cord

20
Q

Vocal fold movements

A

Quiet respiration
Forced inspiration
Phonation (sound production via change in air flow through larynx )

21
Q

Cricothyroid

A

Tense and elongate vocal folds
Increase distance between thyroid cartilage and vocal processes of arytenoid.

Thyroid tilted forward and cricoid tilted back.

External laryngeal branch of CN X

22
Q

Thyroarytenoid

A

Upper fibres run alongside vocal fold - vocalis
Fibres shorten and relax vocal ligaments
Pull arytenoid forwards towards thyroid

Recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X

23
Q

Posterior circoarytenoid

A

Abduct vocal folds
Pulls muscular process of arytenoid backwards - rotating vocal process laterally

Recurrent laryngeal branch of CN x

24
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid

A

Adduct vocal fold
Pulls muscular process of arytenoid forwards and medially rotates vocal process

Recurrent laryngeal branch of CNX

25
Q

Oblique arytenoid

A

Acts as a sphincter to laryngeal inlet
Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage to apex of opposite arytenoid cartilage

Recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X

26
Q

Transverse arytenoid

A

Closes post part of rima glottis

Recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X

27
Q

Pharynx

A

Upper end funnel shaped at end of skull, joins oesophagus at C6

Fibrous and muscular layers

28
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Behind nasal cavities and above soft palate
Roof= sphenoid, occipital and pharyngeal tonsil

Floor- soft palate- pharyngeal isthmus
Ant= nasal passages
Post - roof and C1 level
Lateral - auditory tube, salpignopharyngeal fold

29
Q

Oropharynx

A

From soft palate to upper border of epiglottis

Roof- soft palate 
Floor = post 1/3 tongue, lingual tonsil 
Ant= mouth 
Post- C2/3 
Lateral - Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds with palatine tonsil.
30
Q

Laryngeopharynx

A

Behind larynx and laryngeal opening
Anterior = larynx
Post - C3-6
Lateral = supported by thyroid cartilage, aryepiglottic fold and thyrohyoid membrane

31
Q

Superior constrictor

A 
To fibrous raphe and middle constrictor 
Propel food towards middle constrictor 
Pharyngeal plexus (vagus)
32
Q

Middle constrictor

A

To raphe, blends with middle and inferior constrictors

Propel food towards inferior constrictor 
pharyngeal plexus (Vagus)
33
Q

Inferior constrictor

A 
To raphe, blend with middle constrictor and oesophagus
Propel food towards oesophagus
Pharyngeal plexus (Vagus)
34
Q

Stylopharyngeus

A

Base of styloid process to post thyroid cartilage
Across internal carotid artery
Passes between sup and middle constrictors

Elevates larynx and pharynx during swallowing

Glossopharyngeal nerve

35
Q

Salpingopharyngeus

A

Cartilage of auditory tube to blend with palatopharyngeus
Elevate pharynx
Pharyngeal plexus (vagus)

36
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

hard palate - lamina of thyroid cartilage

elevate pharynx
pharyngeal plexus

37
Q

Arterial supply to pharynx

A

Pharyngeal branches from maxillary a (nasopharynx)

Ascending pharyngeal a from medial surface of external carotid.

38
Q

Suprahyoid muscles

A

Raise hyoid bone and depress mandible
Ant belly digastric and mylohyoid are innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal n.

post belly digastric and stylohyoid - facial nerve CN VII

Geniohyoid - innervated by C1 via hypoglossal nerve

39
Q

Salivary glands

A

Submandibular - Facial
Parotid- Glossopharyngeal
Sub-lingual - Facial

40
Q

Nerve innervation to the tongue

A

Post 1/3rd both taste and sensory - glossopharyngeal

Ant 2/3rd - taste = facial and general sensory = trigeminal (CNV3)

41
Q

Intrinsic muscles

A
  • change shape of tongue
  • All fibres within tongue
  • Fibres in different orientations
  • Hypoglossal nerve XII
42
Q

Extrinsic muscles

A
  • All originate outside tongue and insert in.
  • Change shape of tongue in mouth
  • Genioglossus- protrudes tip, drepress tongue
  • Styloglossus- elevate and retract tongue
  • Hypoglossus- depress tongue
  • Palatoglossus - elevate tongue
  • All hypoglossal nerve except palatoglossus- Pharyngeal plexus (vagus)
43
Q

Blood supply to tongue

A

Lingual artery- 2nd branch of external carotid a.

44
Q

Nerve supply

A 
Motor- hypoglossal 
sensory- 
Post tongue glossparyngeal apart from patch in middle- internal laryngeal. 
Front of tongue- lingual 
Taste buds- chorda tympani

Anatomy Semester 2 (1 decks)

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