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MSK - HIGH YIELD > HEAD AND NECK > Flashcards

HEAD AND NECK Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the face is known as the “Dangerous triangle”

A

The middle third of the face

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2
Q

Why is the middle 3rd of the face known as the “Dangerous Triangle”?

A

Because infection there may produce THROMBO-PHLEBITIS of the facial vein that can spread to the cavernous sinus via “ophthalmic veins” (swelling of veins with clot) or “pterygoid venous plexus” (clot that goes to the brain)

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3
Q

What leads to meningitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

Septicemia (blood poisoning)

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4
Q

Name the 2 conditions that can cause neurological damage and are life-threatening (bacterial infection response)

A
  1. Meningitis
  2. Cavernous sinus thrombosis
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5
Q

What is the nerve (anterior)associated with the Carotid Triangle

A

Venus Nerve

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6
Q

What is the artery (anterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle

A

Common Carotid

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7
Q

What is the vein (anterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle

A

Internal Jugular

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8
Q

What is the nerve (Posterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle

A

Accessory Nerve

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9
Q

What is the vein (Posterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle

A

External Jugular and Subclavian vein

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10
Q

Which part of the carotid triangle can injure brachial plexus?

A

Posterior Triangle

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11
Q

The Only muscle of mastication that opens the jaw is ….

A

Lateral pterygoid

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12
Q

What muscles are involved in Elevation (close mouth)

A
  1. Temporalis
  2. Masseter
  3. Medial pterygoid
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13
Q

What muscles are involved in Depression (open mouth)

A
  1. Lateral pterygoid
  2. Suprahyoid
  3. Infrahyoid
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14
Q

What muscles are involved in Protrusion (protrude chin)

A
  1. Lateral pterygoid
  2. Masseter
  3. Medial pterygoid
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15
Q

What muscles are involved in Retrusion (retrude chin)

A
  1. Temporalis
  2. Masseter
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16
Q

What muscles are involved in Lateral movement (grinding and chewing)

A

1.Temporalis of the same side
2. Pterygoid of opposite side
3. Masseter

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17
Q

Where does Hypoplasia (under developed/ lack of cells) of the mandibula, cleft palate, defect of the eye and ear occur?

A

First Pharyngeal arch

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18
Q

Everything with “M” occurs in …

A

First Arch

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19
Q

Everything with “S” occurs in

A

Second Arch

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20
Q

What nerve innervates the the buccinator?

A

Main trunk of the facial nerve

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21
Q

What muscle is responsible for swallowing

A

Buccinator

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22
Q

A patient has difficulty in swallowing. What is the nerve and muscle affected ?

A

A. Facial Nerve
B. Buccinator

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23
Q

The only branch of the trigeminal nerve that contains a motor root is the…

A

The Mandibular Nerve

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24
Q

This branch supplies motor innervation to the facial muscles involved in mastication which include the masseter, temporalis muscle, and the lateral and medial pterygoids.

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal

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25
Q

What happens when there is Sclerotome destruction during embryogenesis?

A

Results in underdeveloped vertebral bodies

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26
Q

Neural Crest cells give rise to ….

A
  1. Most of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Dorsal root ganglion
  2. Facial Bones
27
Q

Premature closure of the sagittal suture, in which the anterior fontanelle is small or absent, results in a long, narrow, wedge-shaped cranium.

A

Scaphocephaly

27
Q

Premature closure of the sagittal suture, in which the anterior fontanelle is small or absent, results in a long, narrow, wedge-shaped cranium.

A

Scaphocephaly

28
Q

Premature closure of the coronal suture results in a high, tower- like cranium.

A

Oxycephaly

29
Q

Premature closure of the coronal or the lambdoid suture occurs on one side only, the cranium is twisted and asymmetrical, a condition known as

A

Plagiocephaly

30
Q

Bleeding between pericranium and calvaria during a difficult birth results in

A

cephalhematoma

31
Q

Know the order of the Head… S.C.A.L.P

A
  1. Skin
  2. Dense Connective tissue
  3. Aponeurosis (Epicranial)
  4. Loose areolar tissue
  5. Pericranium
32
Q

Layer of the scalp associated with Sebaceous cysts

A

Skin

33
Q

The superficial scalp
lacerations that do not gape and result in severe bleeding

A

Dense Connective tissue

34
Q

The layer of the scalp where Lacerations gape widely because of contraction frontalis and occipitalis parts of occipitofrontalis muscle

A

Aponeurosis (Epicranial)

35
Q

Dangerous area of the scalp. It contains potential spaces capable of being distended with fluid resulting from injury or infection is known as…

A

Loose areolar tissue

36
Q

Bleeding between _____ and calvaria during a difficult birth results in cephalhematoma

A

A. Pericranium
B. Cephalhematoma

37
Q

Fracture of the anterior cranial fossa features

A
  1. Anosmia (loss of smell)
  2. Periorbital bruising (Raccoon eyes)
  3. CSF leakage from the nose (rhinorrhea)
38
Q

Skull fracture near pterion is known as ___

A

Epidural hematoma

39
Q
  1. unable to close lips and eyelids on affected side
  2. eye on affected side is not lubricated (dry eye)
  3. unable to whistle, blow a wind instrument, or chew effectively.
  4. facial distortion due to contractions of unopposed contralateral facial muscles
A

Bell’s palsy

40
Q

What term is given to the idiopathic unilateral facial paralysis.

A

Bell’s palsy

41
Q

What occurs from the anterior nasal septum (Kiesselbach’s area),

A

Epistaxis (Nose bleed)

42
Q

Infection in the ethmoidal sinuses can erode the medial wall of the orbit, resulting in orbital cellulites that can spread to the cranial cavity. This infection his known as___

A

Ethmoiditis

43
Q

In orbital cavity infection may erode structures related to the medial orbital wall:1.____2._____3.____

A
  1. Medial rectus muscle
  2. Superior oblique muscle
  3. Nasociliary nerve
44
Q

Lymph drainage from the head (know this)

A
  1. Preauricular (parotid ) (on front of auricle) receive lymph from anteriolateral part of scalp and lateral face
  2. Submandibular (in digastric or submandibular Δ) – from all air sinuses, nose and adjacent cheek, upper lip and lateral parts of lower lip.
  3. Submental (in submental Δ) – from the chin, tip of the tongue and central part of the lower lip.
  4. Mastoid (behind the auricle) – adjacent region of the head.
  5. Occipital (occipital region).
45
Q

A fracture of the orbital floor is caused by blunt trauma to the orbital contents (e.g., by a handball) is known as ____

A

Blow-out fracture

46
Q

Content of orbital cavity blow-out in ____

A

Maxillary sinus

47
Q

Blow-out fractures may damage
1____
2____
3____

A
  1. Inferior rectus muscle
  2. Infraorbital nerve (from maxillary V2)
  3. Infraorbital artery (hemorrhaging).
48
Q

Failure of fusion of intermaxillary segment with the left maxillary segment

A

cleft of the lip or palate

49
Q

A painless midline mass on the anterior aspect of the neck just below of the hyoid bone and moves during swallowing is known as ______

A

Cervical cysts -Median cervical cyst

50
Q

Cysts that are remnants of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grooves and filled up by ectoderm are known as ____

A

Lateral cervical cysts (Branchial cysts)

50
Q

Cysts that are remnants of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grooves and filled up by ectoderm are known as ____

A

Lateral cervical cysts (Branchial cysts)

51
Q

Painless cysts located on the lateral neck along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and do not move during swallowing are known as____

A

Lateral cervical cysts (Branchial cysts)

52
Q

____is an emergency procedure that relieves an airway obstruction (e.g. swallowed foreign bodies or abnormal tissue growths)

A

Cricothyrotomy

53
Q

interval between pharynx (Bucco-pharyngeal fascia) and prevertebral fascia is known as _____

A

Retropharyngeal space

-May provide a passage way of infection from pharynx to posterior mediastinum (mediastinitis ≈ 90% mortality rate). Basically, allows for the spread of infections from the oral cavity to the thoracic cavity.

54
Q

It is derived from the prevertebral fascia

A

Axillary sheath (Neck)

55
Q

Encloses ___1___ artery and __2___ plexus as they emerge in the interval between the scalenus __3__ and __4__ muscles (Interscalenus space)

A
  1. Subclavian artery
  2. Brachial Plexus
  3. Anterior
  4. Medius
56
Q

Most commonly caused by a fibrous tissue tumor in the SCM is called_____

A

Congenital Torticollis

57
Q

List the Key features of Congenital torticollis

A

head turns to the side and the face turned away from the affected side

58
Q

May involve any bilateral combination of lateral neck muscles, usually SCM and trapezius_____

A

Spasmodic Torticollis

59
Q

List the Key features of Spasmodic torticollis

A
  1. involuntary shifting of head laterally or anteriorly
  2. shoulder usually elevated and anteriorly displaced on the side on which chin turns
60
Q

What is the artery (Posterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle

A

Occipital artery.

61
Q

What are the Lymph nodes associated with the Carotid Triangle?

A

Superficial cervical nodes along external jugular vein.

62
Q

What does the Accessory nerve (CN-XI) supply?

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid muscle
    -face looks upward to the opposite side
  2. Trapezius
    -superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and inferior fibers depress scapula.

MSK - HIGH YIELD (5 decks)

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