HEAD AND NECK Flashcards
Which part of the face is known as the “Dangerous triangle”
The middle third of the face
Why is the middle 3rd of the face known as the “Dangerous Triangle”?
Because infection there may produce THROMBO-PHLEBITIS of the facial vein that can spread to the cavernous sinus via “ophthalmic veins” (swelling of veins with clot) or “pterygoid venous plexus” (clot that goes to the brain)
What leads to meningitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis
Septicemia (blood poisoning)
Name the 2 conditions that can cause neurological damage and are life-threatening (bacterial infection response)
- Meningitis
- Cavernous sinus thrombosis
What is the nerve (anterior)associated with the Carotid Triangle
Venus Nerve
What is the artery (anterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle
Common Carotid
What is the vein (anterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle
Internal Jugular
What is the nerve (Posterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle
Accessory Nerve
What is the vein (Posterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle
External Jugular and Subclavian vein
Which part of the carotid triangle can injure brachial plexus?
Posterior Triangle
The Only muscle of mastication that opens the jaw is ….
Lateral pterygoid
What muscles are involved in Elevation (close mouth)
- Temporalis
- Masseter
- Medial pterygoid
What muscles are involved in Depression (open mouth)
- Lateral pterygoid
- Suprahyoid
- Infrahyoid
What muscles are involved in Protrusion (protrude chin)
- Lateral pterygoid
- Masseter
- Medial pterygoid
What muscles are involved in Retrusion (retrude chin)
- Temporalis
- Masseter
What muscles are involved in Lateral movement (grinding and chewing)
1.Temporalis of the same side
2. Pterygoid of opposite side
3. Masseter
Where does Hypoplasia (under developed/ lack of cells) of the mandibula, cleft palate, defect of the eye and ear occur?
First Pharyngeal arch
Everything with “M” occurs in …
First Arch
Everything with “S” occurs in
Second Arch
What nerve innervates the the buccinator?
Main trunk of the facial nerve
What muscle is responsible for swallowing
Buccinator
A patient has difficulty in swallowing. What is the nerve and muscle affected ?
A. Facial Nerve
B. Buccinator
The only branch of the trigeminal nerve that contains a motor root is the…
The Mandibular Nerve
This branch supplies motor innervation to the facial muscles involved in mastication which include the masseter, temporalis muscle, and the lateral and medial pterygoids.
Mandibular branch of trigeminal
What happens when there is Sclerotome destruction during embryogenesis?
Results in underdeveloped vertebral bodies
Neural Crest cells give rise to ….
- Most of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Dorsal root ganglion
- Facial Bones
Premature closure of the sagittal suture, in which the anterior fontanelle is small or absent, results in a long, narrow, wedge-shaped cranium.
Scaphocephaly
Premature closure of the sagittal suture, in which the anterior fontanelle is small or absent, results in a long, narrow, wedge-shaped cranium.
Scaphocephaly
Premature closure of the coronal suture results in a high, tower- like cranium.
Oxycephaly
Premature closure of the coronal or the lambdoid suture occurs on one side only, the cranium is twisted and asymmetrical, a condition known as
Plagiocephaly
Bleeding between pericranium and calvaria during a difficult birth results in
cephalhematoma
Know the order of the Head… S.C.A.L.P
- Skin
- Dense Connective tissue
- Aponeurosis (Epicranial)
- Loose areolar tissue
- Pericranium
Layer of the scalp associated with Sebaceous cysts
Skin
The superficial scalp
lacerations that do not gape and result in severe bleeding
Dense Connective tissue
The layer of the scalp where Lacerations gape widely because of contraction frontalis and occipitalis parts of occipitofrontalis muscle
Aponeurosis (Epicranial)
Dangerous area of the scalp. It contains potential spaces capable of being distended with fluid resulting from injury or infection is known as…
Loose areolar tissue
Bleeding between _____ and calvaria during a difficult birth results in cephalhematoma
A. Pericranium
B. Cephalhematoma
Fracture of the anterior cranial fossa features
- Anosmia (loss of smell)
- Periorbital bruising (Raccoon eyes)
- CSF leakage from the nose (rhinorrhea)
Skull fracture near pterion is known as ___
Epidural hematoma
- unable to close lips and eyelids on affected side
- eye on affected side is not lubricated (dry eye)
- unable to whistle, blow a wind instrument, or chew effectively.
- facial distortion due to contractions of unopposed contralateral facial muscles
Bell’s palsy
What term is given to the idiopathic unilateral facial paralysis.
Bell’s palsy
What occurs from the anterior nasal septum (Kiesselbach’s area),
Epistaxis (Nose bleed)
Infection in the ethmoidal sinuses can erode the medial wall of the orbit, resulting in orbital cellulites that can spread to the cranial cavity. This infection his known as___
Ethmoiditis
In orbital cavity infection may erode structures related to the medial orbital wall:1.____2._____3.____
- Medial rectus muscle
- Superior oblique muscle
- Nasociliary nerve
Lymph drainage from the head (know this)
- Preauricular (parotid ) (on front of auricle) receive lymph from anteriolateral part of scalp and lateral face
- Submandibular (in digastric or submandibular Δ) – from all air sinuses, nose and adjacent cheek, upper lip and lateral parts of lower lip.
- Submental (in submental Δ) – from the chin, tip of the tongue and central part of the lower lip.
- Mastoid (behind the auricle) – adjacent region of the head.
- Occipital (occipital region).
A fracture of the orbital floor is caused by blunt trauma to the orbital contents (e.g., by a handball) is known as ____
Blow-out fracture
Content of orbital cavity blow-out in ____
Maxillary sinus
Blow-out fractures may damage
1____
2____
3____
- Inferior rectus muscle
- Infraorbital nerve (from maxillary V2)
- Infraorbital artery (hemorrhaging).
Failure of fusion of intermaxillary segment with the left maxillary segment
cleft of the lip or palate
A painless midline mass on the anterior aspect of the neck just below of the hyoid bone and moves during swallowing is known as ______
Cervical cysts -Median cervical cyst
Cysts that are remnants of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grooves and filled up by ectoderm are known as ____
Lateral cervical cysts (Branchial cysts)
Cysts that are remnants of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grooves and filled up by ectoderm are known as ____
Lateral cervical cysts (Branchial cysts)
Painless cysts located on the lateral neck along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and do not move during swallowing are known as____
Lateral cervical cysts (Branchial cysts)
____is an emergency procedure that relieves an airway obstruction (e.g. swallowed foreign bodies or abnormal tissue growths)
Cricothyrotomy
interval between pharynx (Bucco-pharyngeal fascia) and prevertebral fascia is known as _____
Retropharyngeal space
-May provide a passage way of infection from pharynx to posterior mediastinum (mediastinitis ≈ 90% mortality rate). Basically, allows for the spread of infections from the oral cavity to the thoracic cavity.
It is derived from the prevertebral fascia
Axillary sheath (Neck)
Encloses ___1___ artery and __2___ plexus as they emerge in the interval between the scalenus __3__ and __4__ muscles (Interscalenus space)
- Subclavian artery
- Brachial Plexus
- Anterior
- Medius
Most commonly caused by a fibrous tissue tumor in the SCM is called_____
Congenital Torticollis
List the Key features of Congenital torticollis
head turns to the side and the face turned away from the affected side
May involve any bilateral combination of lateral neck muscles, usually SCM and trapezius_____
Spasmodic Torticollis
List the Key features of Spasmodic torticollis
- involuntary shifting of head laterally or anteriorly
- shoulder usually elevated and anteriorly displaced on the side on which chin turns
What is the artery (Posterior) associated with the Carotid Triangle
Occipital artery.
What are the Lymph nodes associated with the Carotid Triangle?
Superficial cervical nodes along external jugular vein.
What does the Accessory nerve (CN-XI) supply?
- Sternocleidomastoid muscle
-face looks upward to the opposite side - Trapezius
-superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and inferior fibers depress scapula.
