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Head Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Muscular contributions of the first pharyngeal arch

A
  • Muscles of mastication
  • Anterior belly of digastric
  • Mylohyoid
  • Tensor tympani
  • Tensor veli palatani
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2
Q

Skeletal contributions of the first pharyngeal arch

A
  • Maxilla
  • Meckels cartilage
  • Incus
  • Malleus
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3
Q

Vascular contributions of the first pharyngeal arch

A
  • Maxillary
  • External carotid
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4
Q

Nervous contributions of the first pharyngeal arch

A
  • Mandibular nerve
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5
Q

Muscular contributions of the second pharyngeal arch

A
  • Buccinator
  • Platysma
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Stylohyoid
  • Posterior belly of digastric
  • Stapedius
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6
Q

Skeletal contributions of the second pharyngeal arch

A
  • Stapes
  • Styloid process
  • Lesser horn and upper body of hyoid
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7
Q

Vascular contributions of the second pharyngeal arch

A
  • Inferior branch of superior thyroid artery
  • Stapedial artery
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8
Q

Nervous contributions of the second pharyngeal arch

A
  • Facial
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9
Q

Muscular contributions of the third pharyngeal arch

A
  • Stylopharyngeus
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10
Q

Skeletal contributions of the third pharyngeal arch

A
  • Greater horn and lower part of body of hyoid
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11
Q

Endocrine contributions of the third pharyngeal arch

A
  • Thymus
  • Inferior parathyroids
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12
Q

Vascular contributions of the third pharyngeal arch

A
  • Common carotid
  • Internal carotid
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13
Q

Nervous contributions of the third pharyngeal arch

A
  • Glossopharyngeal
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14
Q

Muscular contributions of the fourth pharyngeal arch

A
  • Cricothyroid
  • All intrinsic muscles of the soft palate
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15
Q

Skeletal contributions of the fourth pharyngeal arch

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Epiglottic cartilage
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16
Q

Endocrine contributions of the fourth pharyngeal arch

A
  • Superior parathyroids
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17
Q

Vascular contributions of the fourth pharyngeal arch

A
  • Right subclavian
  • Left aortic arch
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18
Q

Muscular contributions of the sixth pharyngeal arch

A
  • All intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)
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19
Q

Skeletal contributions of the sixth pharyngeal arch

A
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Arytenoid cartilage
  • Corniculate cartilage
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20
Q

Vascular contributions of the sixth pharyngeal arch

A
  • Right pulmonary artery
  • Left pulmonary artery
  • Ductus arteriosus
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21
Q

Nervous contributions of the sixth pharyngeal arch

A
  • Vagus nerve
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve
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22
Q

From which pharyngeal arches is the tongue derived from

A

1, 2, 3

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23
Q

What embryological structures form the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

A

Two lingual swellings arising from the tuberculum impar in the floor of the pharynx

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24
Q

What nerve gives general sensation to the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue

A

Trigeminal nerve

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25
Q

What nerve transmits taste sensation from the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue

A

Chorda tympani - CN 7

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26
Q

Sensory and taste innervation from the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

A

Both glossopharyngeal

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27
Q

Cause of cleft lip

A

Failure of fusion of the maxillary and frontonasal processes

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28
Q

Cause of cleft palate

A

Failure of fusion between primary and secondary palate

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29
Q

Where does the spine initially fuse embryologically

A

Thoracic region

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30
Q

Define meningocele

A

Meninges herniate through the bony defect and are covered by skin

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31
Q

Define meningomyelocele

A

Failure of closure of the neural tube. Defect formed by exposed neural tissue. Frequently accompanied by hydrocephalus.

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32
Q

Two parts of the cranium

A
  1. Neurocranium
  2. Viscerocranium
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33
Q

List the bones of the facial skeleton

A
  • Mandible
  • Ethmoid
  • Vomer
  • Maxillae
  • Inferior nasal conchae
  • Zygomatic
  • Palatine
  • Nasal
  • Lacrimal
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34
Q

List the central bones of the neurocranium

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoidal
  • Sphenoidal
  • Occipital
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35
Q

List the lateral bones of the nuerocranium

A
  • Paired temporal - Paired parietal
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36
Q

Describe the zygomatic bones

A
  • 2 - Form the cheek bones - Articulate with the frontal, sphenoidal, temporal, and maxilla bones
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37
Q

Describe the lacrimal bones

A
  • 2 - Smallest facial bones - Form the medial wall of the orbit
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38
Q

Describe the nasal bones

A
  • 2 - Located on the bridge of the nose - Intersection between frontal and nasal bones = nasion
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39
Q

Describe the inferior nasal conchae

A
  • 2 - Located within the nasal cavity - Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
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40
Q

Describe the maxillae

A
  • 2 - Comprise part of the upper jaw and hard palate - Unite at the intermaxillary suture - Contain the infraorbital foramen
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41
Q

Describe the Vomer

A

Forms the posterior aspect of the nasal septum

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42
Q

Describe the mandible and the nerves that course through it

A
  • Ramus is the vertical part - Mandibular foramen lies on the medial aspect of the ramus and transmits the inferior alveolar nerve - Travels through canal in the body of the mandible to emerge through the mental foramen as the mental nerve
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43
Q

Describe the coronal suture

A

Fuses the frontal bone with the two parietal bones

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44
Q

Describe the sagittal suture

A

Fuses both parietal bones

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45
Q

Describe the lambdoid suture

A

Fuses the occipital bone to the two parietal bones

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46
Q

Describe the cranial vault

A
  • Roof of the cranial cavity - Formed by frontal bone, parietal bones, occipital bones
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47
Q

What is the glabella

A

Prominence of the nasion, which is the depression between the two supraorbital margins

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48
Q

What is the pterion

A
  • Thin part of the skull - Junction between parietal, temporal, frontal bones and greater wing of sphenoid
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49
Q

Describe the anterior cranial fossa

A
  • Overlies the orbit and nasal cavities - Formed by the orbital plate of the frontal bones supplemented posteriorly by the lesser wing of sphenoid
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50
Q

What occupies the space between the orbital plates

A

Ethmoid bone with its cribriform plate and crista galli

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51
Q

What separates the anterior cranial fossa from the orbit

A

Orbital plates

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52
Q

What occupies the anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal lobe of the brain

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53
Q

What passes between the anterior cranial fossa and the nasal cavity

A
  • Olfactory nerves via cribriform plate
  • Emissary veins via cribriform plate
  • Anterior ethmoidal nerves, arteries, and veins via anterior part of cribriform plate
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54
Q

What sensation can be affected when the cribriform plate is fractured

A

Sense of smell

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55
Q

What bone contains the inner and middle ear

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

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56
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

Within the sella turcica within the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa

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57
Q

Describe the bounds of the pituitary fossa

A
  • Anterior = anterior clinoid process - Posterior = posterior clinoid process - Lateral = greater wing of sphenoid and squamous temporal - Floor = body of sphenoid
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58
Q

Fracture of what causes bleeding into the middle ear

A

Tegmen tympani

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59
Q

List the foramina contained within the middle cranial fossa

A
  • Optic canal - Superior orbital fissure - Foramen rotundum - Foramen ovale - Foramen spinosum - Foramen lacerum
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60
Q

Bounds of the posterior cranial fossa

A
  • Anterior wall = petrous temporal laterally and body of sphenoid medially - Floor and walls = occipital bone
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61
Q

List the foramen contained within the posterior cranial fossa

A
  • Jugular foramen - Hypoglossal foramen - Foramen magnum - Internal acoustic meatus
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62
Q

Where can bleeding develop in fractures involving the posterior cranial fossa

A

Pharynx

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63
Q

Optic canal contents

A
  • Optic nerve - Ophthalmic artery
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64
Q

Superior orbital fissure contents

A
  • Oculomotor nerve - Trochlear nerve - Abducens nerve - Ophthalmic division of trigeminal - Ophthalmic veins - Sympathetic nerves
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65
Q

Foramen rotundum contents

A
  • Maxillary division of trigeminal
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66
Q

Foramen ovale contents

A
  • Mandibular division of trigeminal - Accessory meningeal artery
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67
Q

Foramen spinosum contents

A
  • Middle meningeal artery - Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
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68
Q

Foramen lacerum contents

A
  • Internal carotid artery
69
Q

Foramen magnum contents

A
  • Medulla oblongata (continuing into spinal cord) - Accessory nerves - Vertebral arteries
70
Q

Jugular foramen contents

A
  • Internal jugular vein (continuation of sigmoid sinus) - Glossopharyngeal nerve - Vagus nerve - Inferior petrosal sinus
71
Q

Hypoglossal canal contents

A
  • Hypoglossal nerve - Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
72
Q

Internal auditory meatus contents

A
  • Facial nerve - Vestibulocochlear nerve - Labyrinthine artery
73
Q

Stylomastoid foramen

A

Site where facial nerve exits the skull

74
Q

Site of the foramen spinosum

A

Greater wing of the sphenoid

75
Q

List the 5 layers of the scalp

A

S-C-A-L-P 1. Skin 2. Connective tissue 3. Aponeurosis 4. Loose areolar tissue 5. Pericranium

76
Q

Describe the role of the scalp aponeurosis

A

Tendinous sheet that serves as attachment for muscles converging from the forehead and occipitut and from the temporal bones

77
Q

How are the muscles of the face divided

A
  1. Muscles of mastication 2. Muscles of facial expression
78
Q

Innervation of muscles of mastication

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

79
Q

Innervation of the muscles of facial expression

A

Facial nerve

80
Q

Cutaneous innervation of the face and anterosuperior part of the scalp

A

Trigeminal nerve

81
Q

Innervation of the inferior aspect of the auricle

A

Great auricular nerve

82
Q

Innervation of the skin overlying the parotid and angle of jaw

A

Great auricular nerve

83
Q

3 divisions of the mandibular nerve

A
  1. Ophthalmic 2. Maxillary 3. Mandibular
84
Q

Course of the ophthalmic nerve

A
  • Superior most division
  • Arises from trigeminal ganglion as wholly sensory nerve
  • Enters orbit via supraorbital fissue
  • Trifurcates into frontal, nasocilliary, lacrimal nerves
  • Reach the skin of the face via the orbital opening
85
Q

Divisions of the ophthalmic nerve

A
  1. Frontal 2. Nasociliary 3. Lacrimal
86
Q

Course of the maxillary nerve

A
  • Arises as wholly sensory nerve - Leaves cranium via foramen rotundum - Enters pterygopalatine fossa giving branches to the ganglion - Enters orbit via inferior orbital fissure - Gives of zygomatic nerve and continues as the infraorbital nerve
87
Q

Describe the course of the mandibular nerve

A
  • Largest division - Formed by the union of motor and sensory fibres in the foramen ovale - Auriculotemporal branch of V3 conveys secretomotor fibres to the parotid gland
88
Q

Outline the innervation of the scalp

A
  • Anterior to the auricles = all 3 divisions of the mandibular - Posterior to the auricles = spinal cutaneous nerves C2 and C3
89
Q

Describe the course of the facial nerve

A
  • Origin: motor = pons, sensory = nervus intermedius - Passes through petrous temporal bone to internal auditory meatus - Passes superior to vestibule of inner ear - Contain geniculate ganglion -Exits cranium via stylomastoid foramen - Immediately gives off posterior auricular nerve and branch to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid - Main trunk runs through the parotid gland and gives off five branches
90
Q

3 facial nerve branches prior to exiting cranium via stylomastoid foramen

A
  1. Greater petrosal nerve 2. Nerve to stapedius 3. Chorda tympani
91
Q

5 divisions of the facial nerve within the parotid plexus (The Zebra Buggered My Cat)

A
  1. Temporal 2. Zygomatic 3. Buccal 4. Marginal mandibular 5. Cervical
92
Q

Function of chorda tympani

A
  1. Sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue via the lingual nerve 2. Presynaptic parasympathetic fibres to the submandibular ganglion providing secretomotor innervation to submandibular and sublingual glands
93
Q

Course of chorda tympani

A
  • Exits cranial cavity via internal acoustic meatus - Travels through middles ear - Runs medial to pars flaccida as it travels across tympanic membrane - Emerges into infratemporal fossa
94
Q

Course of the lingual nerve

A
  • Arises from posterior trunk of mandibular nerve - Passes tensor veli palatani and lateral pterygoid where it is joined by chorda tympani - Lies close to medial aspect of mandibular ramus - At junction between horizontal and vertical rami it is anterior to inferior alveolar nerve - Lies on periosteum of 3rd molar tooth - Wraps around wharton’s duct
95
Q

Describe the course and distribution of the temporal nerve

A
  • Emerges from superior border of parotid - Crosses zygomatic arch - Supplies auricularis superior and anterior - Supplies belly of occipital frontalis and superior part of orbicularis oculi
96
Q

Describe the course and distribution of the zygomatic nerve

A
  • Supplies inferior part of orbicularis oculi - Supplies facial muscles inferior to orbit
97
Q

Describe the course and distribution of the buccal branch of the facial nerve

A
  • Passes external to buccinator to supply it
  • Supplies other muscles of upper lip
98
Q

Describe the course and distribution of the marginal mandibular nerve

A
  • Emerges from inferior border of parotid - Crosses inferior border of mandible - Supplies risorius and muscles of lower lip and chin
99
Q

Describe the course and distribution of the cervical branch of the facial nerve

A
  • Passes inferiorly from inferior border of parotid - Runs posterior to mandible - Supplies platysma
100
Q

Describe the course and distribution of the facial artery

A
  • Branch of external carotid - Passes over lower border of mandible with anterior border of masseter - Closely related to submandibular gland (at risk during surgery)
101
Q

Where is the vascular layer of the scalp

A

Between the subcutaneous connective tissue and epicranial aponeurosis

102
Q

Arterial supply to the neurocranium

A

Middle meningeal artery

103
Q

What forms the retromandibular vein

A

Union of: - Superficial temporal vein - Maxillary vein

104
Q

What vein drains the pterygoid venous plexus

A

Maxillary vein

105
Q

Describe the course of the course of the retromandibular vein

A
  • Runs posterior to ramus of mandible within the parotid - Superficial to external carotid - Deep to facial nerve - Emerges from inferior pole of parotid - Divides into anterior and posterior branches - Anterior unites with facial vein - Posterior forms EJV with posterior auricular vein
106
Q

What forms the EJV

A
  1. Posterior branch of retromandibular vein 2. Posterior auricular vein
107
Q

What drains the sigmoid sinus

A

Internal jugular vein

108
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the face

A
  • Lateral face and scalp, including eyelids, to superficial parotid nodes - Deep parotid nodes to deep cervical nodes - Upper lip and lateral lower lip to submandibular nodes - Chin and central lower lip to submental nodes
109
Q

Outline the 3 layers of the cranial meninges

A
  1. Dura mater - thick external fibrous layer 2. Arachnoid mater - thin intermediate layer 3. Pia mater - delicate vascular layer
110
Q

What forms the leptomeninx

A

Arachnoid and pia mater - they are continuous membranes

111
Q

Describe the strucutre of the dura mater

A

Two layers: 1. External periosteal layer - adheres to calvaria, NOT continuous with dura of spinal cord 2. Internal meningeal layer - continues at foramen magnum

112
Q

What are the dural reflections (infoldings)

A

Internal meningeal layer reflects away from the external periosteal layer

113
Q

List the 4 dural septa

A
  1. Falx cerebri 2. Tentorium cerebelli 3. Falx cerebelli 4. Diaphragma sellae
114
Q

Significance of the diaphragma sellae

A

Covers the pituitary gland in the hypophysial fossa in the sphenoid

115
Q

Where are the dural venous sinuses generally situated

A

Between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater

116
Q

How does CSF enter the venous system

A

Via arachnoid granulations

117
Q

Describe the superior sagital sinus

A
  • Lies in the border of falx cerebri - Begins at crista galli - Ends at the confluence of sinuses
118
Q

Outline the components of the confluence of sinuses

A
  1. Superior sagittal 2. Straight 3. Occipital 4. Transverse
119
Q

What forms the straight sinus

A

Formed by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus with the great cerebral vein

120
Q

Where is the inferior sagital sinus situated

A

Inferior free edge of the falx cerebri

121
Q

Fate of the transverse sinuses

A

Sigmoid sinuses

122
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus situated

A

Located on each side of the sella turica on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid

123
Q

List the tributaries of the cavernous sinus

A
  1. Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins 2. Superficial middle cerebral vein 3. Sphenoparietal sinus
124
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus drain

A

Basilar and pterygoid plexuses via superior and inferior petrosal sinuses and emissary veins

125
Q

What is contained within the cavernous sinus

A
  1. Internal carotid artery 2. Carotid plexus of sympathetic nerves 3. Abducens nerve
126
Q

What is embedded within the walls of the cavernous sinus

A
  1. CN 3 2. CN 4 3. CN 5
127
Q

What connects the dural venous sinuses to veins outside of the cranium

A

Emissary veins

128
Q

Primary blood supply to the dura

A

Middle meningeal artery

129
Q

Describe the extradural space

A
  • Not a natural space
  • Pathological space between cranium and external periosteal layer of dura
  • Typically arises from rupture of the middle meningeal artery
130
Q

Describe the subdural space

A
  • Not natural
  • Pathological as a result of trauma
  • Between dura and arachnoid
131
Q

Describe the subarachnoid space

A
  • Natural space
  • Between arachnoid and pia mater
132
Q

What is the contents of the subarachnoid space

A

Only naturally occurring space

  • CSF
  • Trabecular cells
  • Arteries and veins
133
Q

List the lobes of each hemisphere

A
  1. Parietal
  2. Frontal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
134
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Central sulcus

135
Q

What separates the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

136
Q

What constitutes the diencephalon

A
  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
137
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain

138
Q

Where is the pons located

A
  • Part of the brainstem
  • Between midbrain rostrally and the medulla oblongata caudally
139
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the pons

140
Q

What constitutes the brainstem

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
141
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the medulla oblongata

A

CN 9, 10, 12

142
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

A

Aqueduct of Monro

143
Q

What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

144
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle situated

A

Slit-like cavity between the right and left halves of the diencephalon

145
Q

How does CSF reach the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle

A

Through a single median aperture and paired lateral apertures

146
Q

How much CSF is produced per day

A

400-500ml/day

147
Q

Where is CSF produced

A

Choroidal epithelial cells of the choroid plexus in the ventricles

148
Q

What is the fate of the majority of the CSF leaving the 4th ventricle

A
  • The majority enters the interpeduncular and quadrigeminal cisterns
  • Then flows superiorly through the sulci and fissules on the medial and superolateral cerebral hemispheres
149
Q

Where is the primary site of absorption of CSF into the venous system

A

Via arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses

150
Q

What proportion of cardiac output does the brain receive

151
Q

Where do the internal carotid arteries enter the cranium

A

Via carotid canal

152
Q

What joins the internal carotid on its route through the cavernous sinus

A

CN 6 (Abducens nerve)

153
Q

Terminal branches of the internal carotid

A
  • Anterior cerebral artery
  • Middle cerebral artery
154
Q

What connects the anterior cerebral arteries

A

Anterior communicating artery

155
Q

What connects the internal carotid arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries

A

Posterior communicating arteries

156
Q

Clinically, what does the internal carotid artery and its branches make up

A

Anterior circulation of the brain

157
Q

Origin of the vertebral arteries

A
  • First branches of subclavian arteries
  • Begin in the root of the neck
158
Q

Which verterbral artery is bigger

159
Q

How do the vertebral arteries enter the cranium

A

Via foramen magnum

160
Q

What is formed from the unity of the vertebral arteries at the caudal border of the pons

A

Basilar artery

161
Q

What is the fate of the basilar artery

A

Ascends and divides into two posterior cerebral arteries

162
Q

What part of the brain is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery

A

Cerebral hemispheres (except from occipital lobe)

163
Q

What part of the brain is supplied by the middle cerebral artery

A

Lateral surface of the brain and temporal pole

164
Q

What part of the brain is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery

A

Inferior surface of the brain and the occipital pole

165
Q

What forms the circle of Willis

A
  • Anterior communicating artery
  • Anterior cerebral arteries
  • Internal carotid arteries
  • Posterior communicating arteries
  • Posterior cerebral arteries
166
Q

What is supplied by the vertebral arteries

A

Cranial meninges and the cerebellum

167
Q

Where do the superior cerebral veins drain

A

Superior sagittal sinus

168
Q

Describe the great cerebral vein (of Galen)

A
  • Midline vein formed inside the brain
  • Ends by merging with inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus
169
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the cerebellum

A
  • Superior and inferior cerebellar veins
  • Drain into the transverse and sigmoid sinuses

Head and Neck (7 decks)

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