Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GSSE Anatomy > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are transmitted through the jugular foramen?

A 
p. 736 
3 compartments separated by transverse septa of dura
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
- glossophagryngeal nerve
- inferior petrosal sinus
MIDDLE COMPARTMENT
- vagus nerge
- accessory nerve
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
- termination of sigmoid sinus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the relationship between pia mater and underlying brain? What about cerebral arteries?

A

Like periosteum to bone, nowhere does any structure intervene between pia mater and underlying nervous tissue, even in deepest fissures and sulci.
Fuses with epineurium of cranial nerves.
Arteries lie in loose sheaths of pia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structures traverse the subarachnoid space?

A
  • all cranial nerves
  • all spinal nerves
  • arteries and veins of brain and spinal cord

Structures connecting surface of brain with foramina necessarily pass through subarachnoid space (p718)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Arachnoid Villi?

A

Areas of arachnoid herniating through holes in the dura where CSF “oozes” back into blood
Most numerous in superior sagittal sinus and its “blood lakes”
Collect into arachnoid granulations
See p769 fig 7.16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is the jugular foramen?

A

Formed between deep jugular notch of petrous temporal bone and shallow jugular notch of occipital bone
Smaller carotid foramen anteriorly with tympanic canaliculus in between
p 832 fig 8.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the subarachnoid cisterns?

A

Large spaces between brain and base of skull

  • cerebromedullary cistern (cisterna magnum) between cerebellum and posterior surface of medulla
  • pontine cistern between clivus and front of pons/medulla
  • interpeduncular cistern: between dorsum sellae and cerebral peduncles roofed by floor of third ventricle
  • chiasmatic cistern: above optic chiasm beneath rostrum of corpus calossum

https://images.wikia.com/ranzcrpart1/images/a/a5/Anatomy-of-meninges-ventricles-cerebrospinal-fluid-29-728.jpg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the internal acoustic meatus and what does it contain?

A

Directed laterally in posterior surface of obliquely set petrous bone

contains

  • vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
  • facial nerve (CN VII),
  • labyrinthine artery
  • vestibular ganglion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What bones form the orbit?

A

RIM: Frontal, maxilla and zygomatic

Frontal
Maxila
Zygomatic
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Palatine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the contents of the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What structures are transmitted via the superior orbital fissure?

A 
Lacrimal nerve (V1)
Frontal nerve (V1)
Trochlear nerve (CNIV)
Superior branches of CNIII
Nasociliary branch of ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Inferior division of CN III
Abducens nerve (CNVI)
Superior ophthalmic vein

Lazy French Tarts Sit Nakedly in Anticipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structures are transmitted via the inferior orbital fissure?

A 
Zygomatic nerve of CNV2
Infraorbital nerve of CNV2
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Infraorbital artery
Sympathetics

https://radiopaedia.org/articles/inferior-orbital-fissure-contents-mnemonic?lang=us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the borders of the nasopharynx?

The oropharynx?

A

Base of skull to lower border of soft palate fig 6.21 p 603

Lower border of soft palate to upper border of epiglottis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils? What is their other name?

A

ADENOIDS

On the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of cricopharyngeus?

A

Closure of cricopharyngeus prevents air from being sucked into upper oesophagus when intrathoracic pressure falls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the opening of the auditory tube in the pharynx?

A

Above the soft palate in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx. Protected by tubal cartilage and contains tlymphatic tissue (tubal tonsil)
Levator palati underlying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

What are some nearby important structures?

A

Palatopharyngeal fold behind, palatoglossal fold in front
Floor is lower part of superior constictor (+ some palatopharyngeus fibres)

Glossopharyngeal nerve crosses lower part of bed runnning oblique down and forwards passing under the lower border of constrictor.

Facial artery separated by superior constrictor from medial surface

Mucosa separates tonsil from uvula

ICA: 2.5cm from internal carotid posterolateraly separated by fat and connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does a peritonsillar abscess occur?

A

Outside of the capsule of the tonsil, usually on the lateral surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What structures are derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

Muscles of facial expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the muscles of the eyelids and what supplies them?

A
  • orbicularis oris (palprebral)
  • levator papebra superioris/occipitofrontalis (considered scalp and orbital muscles)

NS: temporal/zygomatic CNVII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the muscles of the nostrils and what supplies them?

A
  • compressor naris
  • dilator naris (arising from maxilla)
  • procerus
  • levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
  • depressor septi

NS: zygomatic/buccal branches CNVII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the function and nerve supply of orbicularis oris

A
  • narrowing of mouth

NS: buccal/marginal mandibular CNVII
damage causes drooping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the origin, function and nerve supply of buccinator?

A

Origin: jaws opposite 1st molar teeth, pterygomandibular raphe (interdigitating with superior constrictor) converging on the modiolus

Functions to return bolus of food from cheek pouch to molar

NS: buccal CNVII

p. 572 fig 6.11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the branches of the facial nerve and their main functions.

A 
Temporal: wrinkle forehead
Zygomatic: blinking
Buccal: emptying cheek pouch
Marginal mandibular: elevating lip/smile
Cervical: fan out neck

p. 575

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the only area of the face not supplied by the trigeminal nerve and what is it supplied by?

A

Angle of the mandible
Supplied by greater auricular nerve
p. 545

25
Q

How are the nuclei of pain vs regular touch arranged regarding the face?

A

pain: onion skin with centre cranial and forehead/chin caudal
touch: as per the facial nerves

fig 6.13

26
Q

What are the landmarks that help distinguish between areas of sensory supply to the face?

A

occipital above the lateral edge of eye, maxillary below

maxillary above lateral edge of lip, mandibular below

27
Q

Where does the lymph of the face drain?

A
  • submental nodes: chin and tip of tongue
  • submandibular nodes: facial tissue from forehead to floor of mouth
  • preauricular nodes: temple, orbital contents, cheek

Eventually these all drain to deep cervical nodes

28
Q

Which structures pass superficial to hyoglossus from superior to inferior?

A
  • lingual nerve
  • submandibular duct
  • hypoglossal nerve
29
Q

Which structures pass deep to hyoglossus from superior to inferior?

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • stylohyoid ligament
  • lingual artery
30
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the cerebellum.

A

into the closest venous sinus to that region

  • superior and posterior: straight and transverse sinus
  • inferior: inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid and occipital sinus

accessory vein called superior vermis can drain into great cerebral vein

31
Q

What are the 3 unique features of the trochlear nerve?

A
  • decussation IN midbrain
  • exits DORSAL to fourth ventricle
  • smallest cranial nerve
32
Q

At what levels are the decussations of the cerebellum?

A

inferior colliculi of midbrain

pons

33
Q

Which structures form the floor of the fourth ventricle?

A 
medial eminience
facial colliculus (abducens nerve nucleus, facial nerve runs over it)
stria medullaris (border between pons and medulla)
34
Q

What are the 7 sections of the internal carotid artery?

A
  • cervical
  • petrous
  • lacerum
  • cavernous
  • clinoid
  • ophthalmic
  • communicating
35
Q

What are the superior and inferior colliculi responsible for respectively?

A

Superior: preliminary processing of visual stimuli and vertical gaze centres
Inferior: preliminary processing of auditory stimuli

36
Q

What is the periaqueductal gray matter for?

A

control center for descending pain modulation

37
Q

What is the tegmentum?

What are some structures in there?

A

Region between cerebral aqueduct and cerebral peduncles

  • red nuclei at level of superior colliculus
  • reticular formation
  • substantia nigra
  • medial lemniscus for vibration and proprioception
  • spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature
38
Q

What demarcates the cerebellar peduncles from the pons proper?

A

The exit of the trigeminal nerve

39
Q

Where is the corticospinal tract, where does it decussate?

A

Cerebral peduncles

Decussates at the level of the pyramids in the medulla

40
Q

Which nerves come off the brain stem at the level of the midbrain? At what level?

A 
Occulomotor nerve (between posterior cerebral artery above and superior cerebellar artery below)
Trochlear nerve (dorsally below inferior colliculus)
41
Q

Which cranial nerves exit at the level of the pons?

A

CNV

at pontomedullary junction
CNVI
CNVII
CNVIII

42
Q

What are the role of the olives in the medulla?

A

Lateral to pyramids on ventral pons

Contain inferior olivary nucleus to regulate motor coordination and learning

43
Q

What are the cranial nerves associated with the medulla?

A

exiting lateral to olives
CNIX (glossopharyngeal)
CNX (vagus)
CNXI (accessory)

(medial to all 3 above between olives and pyramids)
CNXII (hypoglossal)

44
Q

What is the course of the facial artery?

A
  • comes anteriorly off external carotid
  • hooks over posterior belly of digastric to touch subamandibular gland
  • goes superiorly over inferior border of mandible at anterior border of masseter
  • deep to dilators of lips up towards medial angle of eye
45
Q

Which arteries supply the temple and forehead respectively?

Why is this important?

A

Temple: superficial temporal (and transverse facial)
Forehead: supraorbital and supratrochelar branches of opthalmic artery

Anastomose freely between eachother and establish communication between internal and external carotid systems.
p 578

46
Q

What is the final venous drainage of the face?

A

Angular vein at medial canthus becomes facial vein.

Facial vein accompanies facial artery to border of mandible.

47
Q

What are the origins, insertions, functions and nerve supply of the medial pterygoid?

A

Origin: medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
Insertion: pterygoid tuberosity on the inner surface of the mandibular angle
NS: CNV3 (medial pterygoid branch)
Function: elevates the mandible (jaw closure) and moves it forward (protrusion).

48
Q

What are the origins, insertions, functions and nerve supply of the lateral pterygoid?

A

lateral surface of the latera pterygoid plate
Superior head: infratemporal crest of the sphenoid to the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint
Inferior head: pterygoid process of sphenoid to the condylar process of mandible
NS: CNV3 (lateral pterygoid branch)
Function: bilateral activation of the lateral pterygoid causes protrusion, whereas the unilateral contraction moves the mandible laterally (laterotrusion)

49
Q

Where do the lobes vs isthmus of the the thyroid lie? (at which level)

A

isthmus in front of 2-4th tracheal rings

lobes from thyroid cartilage to 6th tracheal ring

50
Q

What fascia envelopes the thyroid gland?

What muscles are direct relations to it?

A

enveloped in pretracheal fascia

lateral surface is in contact with sternothyroid and sternohyoid
medial surface in contact with cricothyroid, inferior constrictor, and cricopharyngeus

51
Q

What is the relationship of the thyroid gland to the recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A

at the medial surface of thyroid, nerves lie in/in front of groove between trachea and oesophagus

lie close to the inferior thyroid artery or between the branches

nerves divide into two branches at level of isthmus

a “non-recurrent” laryngeal nerve is easily injured

52
Q

What is a “Killian’s Dehisence” and what is its importance?

A

fig 6.36
Junciton between oblique fibres of thyropharyngeus and horizontal fibres of cricopharyngeus is a weakness at the posterior pharyngeal wall.

Common site of pharyngeal diverticulum

53
Q

What are the structures associated with the pharyngeal arches?

A

1st: trigeminal nerve structures
- muscles of mastication
- tensor tympani/tensor palati
- mylohyoid
- ant belly of digastric
2nd: facial nerve structures
- stapedius
- muscles of facial expression
- stylohyoid
- posterior belly of digastric
3rd: glossopharyngeal nerve structures
- carotid sinus
- stylopharyngeus
4th: vascular structures (subclavian vein, aortic arch), constrictor muscles of pharynx and VAGAL nerves
6th: recurrent laryngeal nerve and its structures, pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus

54
Q

What muscles make up the “strap muscles”

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

All lie below the hyoid

55
Q

Where does the parotid gland open?

A

On a low papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth

56
Q

How many teeth does the adult human have?

A 
32
4 x central incisors 
4 x lateral incisors 
4 x canines
8 x premolars 
12 x molars
57
Q

Which nerves are responsible for the afferent and efferent pathways of the gag reflex?

A

Lasts p635
Afferent: Glossopharyngeal to nucleus tractus soiltarius
Efferent: Vagal

58
Q

What structures pass through the foramen ovale?

A 
Otic ganglion
V3
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal n
Emissary veins

OVALE

GSSE Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions