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MEDIMAGE 302 > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

What are the protective layers of the brain and spinal cord?

A

The Meninges consist of three layers: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater.

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2
Q

What is the Dura Mater?

A

The Dura Mater is the thick, outermost membrane with two layers: the Periosteal Layer and the Meningeal Layer.

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3
Q

What is the Arachnoid Mater?

A

The Arachnoid Mater is a thin, web-like layer that creates the Subarachnoid Space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and vessels.

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4
Q

What is the Pia Mater?

A

The Pia Mater is a delicate layer that adheres directly to the brain and spinal cord.

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5
Q

What are the meningeal spaces?

A

The meningeal spaces include the Extradural Space, Subdural Space, and Subarachnoid Space.

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6
Q

What is the Extradural Space?

A

The Extradural Space is located between the Periosteal Dura and the bone; it is a potential space.

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7
Q

What is the Subdural Space?

A

The Subdural Space is located between the Meningeal Dura and Arachnoid; it is a potential space.

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8
Q

What is the Subarachnoid Space?

A

The Subarachnoid Space is located between the Arachnoid and Pia, containing CSF and cerebral blood vessels.

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9
Q

What causes Extradural (Epidural) Haemorrhage?

A

Extradural Haemorrhage is caused by meningeal artery rupture due to trauma.

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10
Q

What causes Subdural Haemorrhage?

A

Subdural Haemorrhage is caused by rupture of bridging veins due to trauma, with a slower onset.

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11
Q

What causes Subarachnoid Haemorrhage?

A

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage is caused by cerebral artery rupture, often due to an aneurysm, resulting in sudden onset.

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12
Q

How are haemorrhages ranked by severity?

A

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage is the worst, followed by Extradural Haemorrhage, and Subdural Haemorrhage is the least severe.

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13
Q

What are the Lateral Ventricles?

A

The Lateral Ventricles are C-shaped structures located beneath the Corpus Callosum, looping around the Thalamus.

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14
Q

Where is the Third Ventricle located?

A

The Third Ventricle is a midline space between the Thalami and connects to the Lateral Ventricles.

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15
Q

What is the Fourth Ventricle?

A

The Fourth Ventricle is diamond-shaped, located between the Pons and Cerebellum, and linked to the Third Ventricle by the Cerebral Aqueduct.

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16
Q

What does asymmetry or loss of expected CSF spaces indicate?

A

It can indicate haemorrhage, space-occupying lesions, or hydrocephalus.

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17
Q

What is the Cerebrum?

A

The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions, composed of Gyri and Sulci.

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18
Q

What are the four primary lobes of the Cerebrum?

A

The four primary lobes are the Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and Occipital Lobe.

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19
Q

What is a challenge in differentiating the lobes of the brain?

A

Brain tissue is a continuum, making clear boundaries difficult with few definable landmarks.

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20
Q

Where is the Temporal Lobe located?

A

The Temporal Lobe is located in the Middle Cranial Fossa.

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21
Q

How is brain tissue organized?

A

The outer grey matter contains neuronal cell bodies, while the inner white matter consists of myelinated axons.

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22
Q

Where is the Cerebellum located?

A

The Cerebellum is located inferior to the Cerebrum in the Posterior Cranial Fossa.

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23
Q

What are the components of the Brainstem?

A

The Brainstem includes the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata.

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24
Q

What is the function of the Brainstem?

A

The Brainstem regulates unconscious processes like equilibrium and respiration.

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25
What is the exit point of the Brainstem?
The Brainstem exits the cranium through the Foramen Magnum.
26
What is a key feature of sinus inflammation in imaging?
The key feature is asymmetry in axial cross-section due to lack of air space from inflamed tissue.
27
Where is the Sphenoid Sinus located?
The Sphenoid Sinus sits inferior to the Sella Turcica / Pituitary Fossa.
28
What is the clinical use of the Sphenoid Sinus?
The Sphenoid Sinus serves as a pathway for accessing the Pituitary Gland during surgery.
29
What are the Meningeal Partitions in the Brain?
The Falx Cerebri divides the two hemispheres, and the Tentorium Cerebelli separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
30
What is the main function of the Brain in terms of blood supply?
The brain is one of the hardest working organs and has a very rich blood supply.
31
Where do the arteries supplying the brain originate from?
The arteries supplying the brain originate from the Aortic Arch vessels.
32
What are the two pathways that supply blood to the brain?
From the Common Carotid Artery: Internal Carotid Artery (enters the Skull via Carotid Canal and reemerges through Foramen Lacerum). From the Subclavian Artery: Vertebral Artery (ascends in the Transverse Foramina, unites to form the Basilar Artery, and enters the Skull through the Foramen Magnum).
33
What is the Circle of Willis and its role?
The Circle of Willis is an anastomotic ring at the base of the brain formed by the Internal Carotid Arteries and the Basilar Artery. It gives rise to the three major Cerebral Arteries: Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Cerebral Arteries.
34
What do the three major Cerebral Arteries supply?
Anterior Cerebral Artery: Frontal Lobes Middle Cerebral Artery: Temporal Lobes Posterior Cerebral Artery: Occipital Lobes
35
What effect would a ruptured Cerebral Artery Aneurysm have?
It would cause a Subarachnoid Haemorrhage or Haematoma, as the Cerebral Arteries are located in the Subarachnoid space.
36
Where is the Middle Meningeal Artery located?
The Middle Meningeal Artery enters the skull through Foramen Spinosum.
37
What injury could put the Middle Meningeal Artery at risk, and what would the consequence be?
Trauma to the skull (e.g., blow to the head) could rupture the artery, leading to an Extradural Haemorrhage.
38
What is the structure of the venous network in the skull?
Smaller veins collect into large Dural Venous Sinuses formed between the Periosteal Layer and Meningeal Layer of the Dura Mater.
39
Where do the Dural Venous Sinuses ultimately end?
The Dural Venous Sinuses end at the Jugular Foramen, where the Internal Jugular Vein is formed.
40
What are the major Dural Venous Sinuses, and where are they located?
Superior Sagittal Sinus: Midline roof of skull Inferior Sagittal Sinus: Base of Falx Cerebri Transverse Sinus: Horizontal path along occipitals Sigmoid Sinus: 'S-shaped' and ends at Jugular Foramen
41
What injury can occur from tearing a small cerebral vein connecting to a sinus?
It could result in a Subdural Haemorrhage.
42
Where is the Cavernous Sinus located?
The Cavernous Sinus is located on either side of the Sella Turcica.
43
What structures are associated with the Cavernous Sinus?
The Optic Chiasm, Pituitary Gland, Sphenoid Sinus, Internal Carotid Arteries, and numerous Cranial Nerves.
44
Why is the Cavernous Sinus clinically significant?
It is connected to the veins of the face, so infections in the face can track into the brain.
45
46
What are the two main types of diseases?
Congenital and Acquired.
47
What are the subcategories under Infectious Diseases?
Bacteria, Viruses, Parasites, Fungi.
48
What are the subcategories under Non-Infectious Diseases?
Trauma, Malignancy, Inflammatory, Degenerative.
49
What type of disease is caused by genetic factors present from birth?
Congenital Diseases.
50
What type of disease develops after birth and is not inherited?
Acquired Diseases.
51
What is an example of a disease caused by bacteria?
Bacterial infections (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumonia).
52
What is an example of a disease caused by viruses?
Viral infections (e.g., influenza, HIV).
53
What type of disease is caused by parasites?
Parasitic infections (e.g., malaria, tapeworms).
54
What type of disease is caused by fungi?
Fungal infections (e.g., athlete's foot, candidiasis).
55
What type of non-infectious disease is caused by physical injury?
Trauma.
56
What type of non-infectious disease involves abnormal cell growth?
Malignancy (e.g., cancer).
57
What type of non-infectious disease is caused by immune system dysfunction or inflammation?
Inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
58
What type of non-infectious disease is characterized by the gradual breakdown of tissues or functions over time?
Degenerative diseases (e.g., osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's).
59
What is the role of a CT scan in acute stroke management?
A CT scan is used in acute stroke management to rule out an acute bleed.
60
How is a non-hemorrhagic stroke treated if identified on CT?
If a stroke is non-hemorrhagic, it can be treated with tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or neuro-radiological intervention (clot removal) within 6 hours of stroke onset, which generally improves the outcome.
61
What happens if a stroke is hemorrhagic (visible as bright signal on CT)?
If the stroke is hemorrhagic, TPA is withheld as it could likely cause more hemorrhage.
62
What are the early signs of ischemia on a CT scan?
Loss of definition between gray and white matter. Ill-defined internal capsule.
63
What are the acute signs of ischemia on CT?
Acute signs of ischemia may not be seen initially, as changes sometimes take up to 24 hours to develop.
64
What is observed on CT after 4 months of ischemic stroke?
After 4 months, a hypodense MCA territory chronic infarct may be visible.
65
How does an acute bleed appear on a CT scan?
An acute bleed appears as hyperintensity (bright signal) on CT.
66
How long can CT changes for ischemia be delayed?
CT changes for ischemia may be delayed up to 24 hours.
67
What is the alternative imaging modality for suspected bleeding when CT is inconclusive?
If there is concern about bleeding, the patient may go to MRI for diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).
68
Why is DWI preferred over CT for ischemic stroke?
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is much more sensitive than CT and can show ischemic changes within minutes.
69
What is an epidural bleed and how does it appear on a CT scan?
An epidural bleed is a traumatic collection of blood between the inner aspect of the skull and the stripped dura. It is usually caused by trauma and bleeding from the middle meningeal artery. On CT, it appears lentiform in shape.
70
What is a subdural bleed and how does it appear on a CT scan?
A subdural bleed is usually caused by traumatic injury to veins between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater, leading to blood collection in the subdural space. On CT, it appears crescent in shape.
71
What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage and how does it appear on a CT scan?
A subarachnoid hemorrhage involves bleeding into the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. On CT, blood appears as a bright signal on the surface of the brain and in the basal cisterns immediately after the bleed.
72
What is a common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage often results from hypertension and rupture of aneurysms of the cerebral vessels.
73
What is the risk associated with an aneurysm after a subarachnoid hemorrhage?
There is a high risk of re-bleed if the aneurysm is not treated.
74
What imaging technique is used to assess aneurysms in subarachnoid hemorrhage?
CT angiogram and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) are used to assess aneurysms.
75
What is the purpose of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in aneurysm management?
DSA is used to visualize aneurysms pre- and post-obliteration, typically after treatment with coils.
76
What is a meningioma and how does it appear on a CT scan?
A meningioma is a tumor that arises from the meninges. It is slow-growing and is 90% benign.
77
What is glioblastoma multiforme and how does it appear on a CT scan?
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common malignant brain tumor. It appears as an enhancing lesion (due to leaky vessels) with surrounding edema on CT.
78
How is CT used in facial trauma?
CT scan with 3D reconstruction is used for operative planning in facial trauma. The high contrast between bone and soft tissue allows for easy segmentation and 3D reconstruction.
79
What does DWI signal indicate within minutes of a stroke?
Within minutes of a stroke, the DWI signal is bright due to the restriction of water movement out of the cell caused by cytotoxic edema.
80
What is DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) used for in trauma and surgical planning?
DTI tractography is used to trace white matter tracts using diffusion anisotropy. In trauma, DTI helps assess axon disruption and tract damage, as axons are torn and tracts are disrupted in severe trauma.
81
How is MRI used to detect brain abscesses?
MRI can detect brain abscesses as enhancing round lesions, which are visible through contrast enhancement.
82
How is fMRI used for surgical planning?
Functional MRI (fMRI) is used for anatomical reconstruction and functional activation mapping. It demonstrates the location of a tumor and its relation to the cortex responsible for hand and foot control, aiding in surgical planning.
83
How does MRI, functional activation, and DTI work together in surgical planning?
MRI provides detailed anatomical structure, fMRI identifies functional brain areas (like the visual cortex), and DTI maps the white matter tracts. Together, these imaging techniques offer a comprehensive view of both the structure and function of the brain, aiding in the precise planning of surgeries, particularly for brain tumors or lesions.
84
Is ultrasound commonly used for brain imaging in adults?
No, ultrasound is not commonly used for brain imaging in adults because the skull blocks sound waves. However, it is occasionally used for specific purposes like assessing blood flow in the brain via Doppler ultrasound.
85
How is ultrasound used in brain imaging for infants?
In infants, ultrasound is used to image the brain through the soft spots (fontanelles) on the skull. This allows for the assessment of conditions like intracranial hemorrhages, hydrocephalus, and brain malformations.
86
What role does Doppler ultrasound play in brain imaging?
Doppler ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow in the brain. It is particularly useful for assessing conditions like stroke, aneurysms, and assessing the blood supply to brain tumors.
87
Can ultrasound detect brain tumors?
Ultrasound is not typically used to detect brain tumors due to the inability of sound waves to penetrate the skull. However, in cases where the tumor affects blood flow, Doppler ultrasound can be used to assess vascular changes.

MEDIMAGE 302 (2 decks)

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