HDDBE Flashcards
Who came up with eight stages of social development?
Erik Erikson
What are the eight stages of social development per Erik Erikson?
Trust versus Mistrust, Autonomy versus shame and doubt, Initiative versus guilt, Industry versus inferiority, Identity versus role confusion, Intimacy versus Isolation, Generativity versus stagnation, Ego integrity versus despair.
Trust versus Mistrust
birth to 1 year.
Children learn consistency of caregiver, if trust develops successfully child gains confidence and security in the world. Unsuccessful results in inability to trust.
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
1 - 3 years.
Children begin to assert their independence. If encouraged, child becomes more confident and secure. If not, they begin to feel inadequate
Initiative versus guilt
3 - 6 years old.
If child given opportunity to assert themselves they develop a sense if initiative and feel secure in ability to lead others. and make decisions. If not, children may develop a sense of guilt lacking self-initiative.
Industry versus Inferiority
6 - puberty.
Child begins to develop a sense of pride in accomplishments. If encouraged, child feels confident in decision making. If not, child may doubt their abilities.
Intimacy versus Isolation
Young Adulthood.
Individuals begin to share themselves intamitely with others and explore relationships. If successful can lead to comfortable relationships Avoiding intimacy can lead to isolation.
Gerativity versus Stagnation
Middle Adulthood.
Individuals establish careers, settle down, begin families, etc. They give back to society through raising children and becoming involved in activities. If they don’t achieve these objectives, may become stagnant and feel unproductive.
Ego integrity versus Despair
Senior Citizens.
Tend to slow down, explore life as retired people. Contemplate accomplishments and develop a sense of integrity if their satisfied with progression of life. If they aren’t happy with achievements they can begin to feel despair.
Emotional Development?
Emphasizes many skills that increase self-awareness and self-regulation. Children learn through playing. During play, children learn that they are liked and fun to be around. This provides self-confidence.
What does Cognitive Development Focus on?
It focuses on development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development.
What are the six levels of Cognition?
Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation.
6 Levels of Cognition: Knowledge`
rote memorization, recognition, recall of facts
6 levels of Cognition: Comprehension
Understanding what the facts mean
6 levels of Cognition: Application
Correct use of the facts, rules, or ideas
6 levels of Cognition: Analysis
Breaking down information into component parts
6 levels of Cognition: Synthesis
Combining facts, ideas, or information, to make a new whole
6 levels of Cognition: Evaluation
Judging or formin an opinion about the information or situation.
Ideally for a client to learn, there should be objecitves at each of these levels?
Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor
Jean Piaget
Cognitive Development: Stages address acquisition of knowledge and how humans learn
Lawrence Kohlberg
Developed a theory of moral development
Kohlberg Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operation, and Formal Operations
Sensorimotor
0 - 2 years old.
Play is imatative, develops primitive logic, signals meaning, symbol meaning.
Preoperational
2 - 7 years old.
progress from concrete to abstract thinking, magical thinking, thinking is concrete.
Concrete Operations
7 - 11 years old.
Beginning of abstract thought, play games w/ rules, Logical implications understood, Thinking is independent, Thinking is reversible.
Formal Operations
11 through maturity.
Higher level of abstraction. Planning for future, thinks hypothetically, Assumes adult roles and responsibilities.
Kohlberg Levels of moral reasoning
Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
Kohlberg Levels of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional: Age?
Elementary School Level (before age 9)
Kohlberg Levels of Moral Reasoning
Conventional: Age?
Early Adolescence
Kohlberg Levels of Moral Reasoning
Postconventional: Age?
Adult
Kohlberg Levels of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional: Stages 1 - 2
Child obeys authority figure out of fear of punishment.
Child acts acceptably as it is in her or his best interest.
Kohlberg Levels of Moral Reasoning
Conventional: Stages 3 - 4
Person acts to gain approval from others
Obeys laws and fulfills obligations and duties to maintain social system.
Kohlberg Levels of Moral Reasoning
Postconventional: Stages 5 - 6
Genuine interest in welfare of others.
Guided by individual principles based on broad, universally ethical principles.
Types of Learning Theories?
Behaviorists, Cognitive, Humanistic, Social/Situational
Behaviorist Theorist
Pavlov & Skinner
Cognitive Theorists?
Piaget
Humanistic Theorists
Maslow
Social/Situational
Bandura
Behavioral Development
These theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment.
Two fundamental classes of behavior
Respondent and Operant
Respondent bx.
Involuntary behavior that is automatically illicted by certain behavior.
Operant bx.
Voluntary behavior that is controlled by it’s consequences in the behavior.
Types of classical conditioning
Respondent Or Classical (Pavlov)
Respondent or Classical: When does learning occur
Pairing previously neutral (conditioned) stimulus with an uncoditioned stimulus (Pavlov’s dogs)
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
antecedent event/stimuli precede behavior which are then followed by consequences.
Positive Reinforcement
Increases probability that behavior will occur. Adding something
Negative Reinforcement
Behavior Increase because a negative stimulus is removed (remove shock).
Positive punishment
Presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (hitting, shocking). Adding something to reduce a behavior
Negative Punishment
Removal of a desirable stimulus following behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior. Removing something to decrease bx.
Extinction
Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. Bx. that doesn’t produce reinforcement will stop .
Flooding
prolonged real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli
Systematic Desensetization
Anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation producing response so that eventually previous anxiety provoking stimulus promotes relaxing response.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Individuals are motivated to meet certain needs. When one is fulfilled they begin to fulfill the next one
Deficiency Needs (Maslow)
Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem. Deprivation of these causes needs
Growth Needs
Self-actualization
