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psychobiology > HD Exam 2 > Flashcards

HD Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Endoderm

A

yellow and the lining of internal organs

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2
Q

Mesoderm

A

red = bones, muscles

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3
Q

Ectoderm

A

blue = the nervous system and skin

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4
Q

Neurulation

A

process of folding the neural tube

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5
Q

neural tube

A

becomes the CNS

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6
Q

neural crest

A

becomes the PNS

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7
Q

somites

A

vertebrae

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8
Q

Neural tube deficits

A

Spina Bifida
Anencephaly
Encephalocele
folic acid

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9
Q

Spina Bifida

A 
deficit in neural tube closure at the caudal end (lower){bump on spine}
5% prevalence
Leg weakness and paralysis
Orthopedic abnormalities
Bladder and bowel control problems
executive function
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10
Q

Anencephaly:

A

deficit in neural tube closure at the rostral end (close to brain){no fully developed head}
blind, deaf, unable to feel pain
brainstem but little if no cerebrum
hours to days of life

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11
Q

Encephalocele:

A

opening on rostral end {bump/opening of the skull}

craniofacial abnormalities or other brain malformations

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12
Q

folic acid

A

Should be taken before the mother plans to conceive a child
Increase folic acid can help reduce some birth defects like a cleft palate
Folic acid is found in foods such as spinach

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13
Q

Hindbrain

A

The hindbrain develops into:

  • Cerebellum = balance
  • Pons = sleep and respiration, relay information
  • Medulla = autonomic function: breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

-Together they support vital bodily processes

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14
Q

Midbrain

A

The midbrain develops into basic relay control of movement and sensory systems:

  • Colliculi = vision, hearing
  • Ventral tegmental area (VTA) & Substantia nigra = motor control
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15
Q

Forebrain

A

The forebrain develops into:

  • Cerebrum
  • Thalamus and hypothalamus
  • Limbic system

-Two cerebral hemispheres – perception, awareness, cognition

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16
Q

Cerebral cortex = cortical (4 lobes)

A

“Higher” cognitive function
Sensory info
PFC!!

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17
Q

-White matter

A

Corpus callosum

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18
Q

Limbic system

A

memory, motivation and emotion

  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
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19
Q

Hypothalamus & Thalamus

A

sensory relay and homeostasis

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20
Q

Striatum

A

motor and reward systems

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21
Q

Optic vesicles

A

retina, optic nerves

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22
Q

Neural migration = Radial migration

A

Neural migration = Radial migration
Radial migration = migration of “baby” neurons move along radial glia from the ventricle zone outwards.
Green is “baby” neurons = neural precursors
Neural precursors migrating across radial glia

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23
Q

First trimester

A

1- 12 weeks; period of dividing zygote , implantation and bilaminiar embryo (not sucseptible to teratogens) heart, eyes , ears ,limbs , teeth ,palate external genetalia form
Faint brain waves and brain grows half the size of the body

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24
Q

Second trimester

A

13-27 weeks

Rapid development of the fissures and convolutions on the cerebral hemisphere (complex thinking)

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25
Q

Third trimester

A

28-41 weeks

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26
Q

Aneuploidy vs. Inherited disorders

A

Aneuploidy: missing or extra chromosomes
-Trisomy, monosomy

Inherited disorders: caused by gene mutation

  • Sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs disease
    • Both parents are carriers of the gene
27
Q

Prenatal screening

A

chances that the fetus has aneuploidy or select inherited disorders

28
Q

Carrier screening

A

carrier for an inherent disorder

Prenatal genetic screening = blood tests and ultrasound exams

29
Q

Prenatal diagnosis tests

A

can better determine if the fetus actually has the disorder

30
Q

Amniocentesis

A

amniotic fluid/cells

31
Q

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

placenta cells

32
Q

First Screening (10-13 weeks)

A

Ultrasound screening
Fetal viability, number of fetuses
Placental position, gestational dating
Nuchal translucency screening (looking for thickness of the space behind the neck)
more space behind the neck=down syndrome
-Down syndrome (Trisomy 21; T21), Trisomy 18 (T18)
-Linked to physical defects in heart, abdominal wall, skeleton

33
Q

Maternal Serum Screening

A

Double Test” (blood test)

34
Q

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

A

too high or too low indicates abnormal changes

Pregnancy hormone

35
Q

PAPPA (Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A)

A

(blood test)

Low levels = T21, placenta issues (fetal death, low birth weight, preeclampsia)

36
Q

Viability

23 weeks vs. 25 weeks

A

Almost half had severe or moderate disabilities
A point in fetal development at which the fetus may survive outside the womb
Infant can be born at 23 wks and survive with A LOT of medical attention
Survival rates: 23 weeks: 15%
Survival rates: 25 weeks: 80%

37
Q

Second Screening (15-22 weeks)

A

Ultrasound screening non-invasive
Physical defects: spine, facial features, abdomen, heart, limbs
Neural tube deficits: Hydrocephalus, anencephaly

38
Q

Maternal Serum Screening = “Quad Test”

A

down syndrome, trisomy 18, neural tube deficits
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
estriol (UE3)
dimeric inhibin A (DIA) Optional!
Physical defects: spine, facial features, abdomen, heart, limbs
Neural tube deficits: Hydrocephalus, anencephaly

39
Q

AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)

A

Tested for in maternal serum screening quad test blood test in second trimester

40
Q

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

A

Pregnancy hormone tested for in the maternal serum screening

Double blood test in first trimester

41
Q

Down Syndrome (T21)

A

81% accuracy without ultrasound
High levels of HCG/inhibitin A
Low levels of AFP/UE3

42
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Low levels of HCG/inhibitin A/AFP/UE3

43
Q

Neural tube defects

A

High levels of AFP

multiple gestation, or underestimation of gestational age

44
Q

Vaginal delivery:

A 
Less lung problems in infant
-Fluid in lungs, pulmonary hypertension
Less likely:
-Asthma, food allergies, lactose issues
-Postpartum pain
Breastfeed quicker, more effective
Bonding
Anxiety, emotions
KNOWN COMPLICATIONS
Complications to mom & baby
-Physical trauma (tears, bleeding, etc.)
Medical complications
-High blood pressure, Pre-eclampsia
-Gestational diabetes
 -placenta previa or placental abruption
Induction
-Prostaglandin, Oxytocin
-Rupture membrane ”water breaking”
45
Q

Cesarean Surgery

A 
C-section 
Control & Convenience
Lower risk of Hemorrhage & injury
Major surgery
-Complications, anesthesia, blood loss
Mother risk:
-Heart attacks, blood clots, infection
-Hysterectomy, numbness, pain
-Later placental problems
Baby risk of Lung infections/issues
Bonding & breastfeeding
46
Q

Three Stages of Labor

A

a. Stage 1 (early labor vs. active labor)
Hours to days
Contractions every 5 min.
Cervix dilates to about 10 cm
b. Stage 2 (birthing/pushing)
Min to hours
Contractions & pushing moves the baby farther down the vagina
Painful contractions, most positive part of labor
Baby is born
c. Stage 3 (placenta)
<20 min
Placenta separates from the uterine wall & is expelled
Estrogen & progesterone levels drop

47
Q

Apgar Score

A 
0-10
 {how good the baby is doing}
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
48
Q

Postpartum Blues (baby blues){realization of having a baby}

A

Up to 80% of women
short-lasting change in mood
usually occurs during first 2 weeks after childbirth
experienced by about half of new mothers
symptoms include: crying, sadness, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, and lack of confidence
“baby pinks” – manic episode Ex: Mother would clean the whole house and make dinner up to 3 weeks.

49
Q

Postpartum depression (15%)

A 
Intense/serious disorder
	-extreme sadness, exhaustion, sleep disturbances, despair, lack of interest in enjoyable activities, loss of interest in the baby, feelings of guilt
develop within 6 months postpartum
Lasts months
Hormonal changes
Social factors
-Stress
-economic status, fewer resources
-social support
50
Q

Aneuploidy:
a. Nullisomy

b. Monosomy:
c. Trisomy:

A

change in chromosome number
loss/addition during mitosis/meiosis

a. Loss of homologous chromosomes
21 autosomes

loss of a single chromosome from a pair
One allele copy

addition of a single chromosome to a pair
Three chromosomes

51
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease (HEX A, damage to nervous system, symptoms)

A

Tay-Sachs Disease (HEX A, damage to nervous system, symptoms)
single mutation on chromosome 15

HEX A

  • breaks down lipids
  • Toxic buildup of fat in the brain

Damage to nervous system
-Destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

Symptoms

  • Loss of motor abilities
  • Deaf, blind
  • Death at 4-8 years
  • Hydrocephalus & lesion
52
Q

Sickle cell anemia

hemoglobin, symptoms, ethnicity, malaria

A

SNP on chromosome 11

Affects Hemoglobin (red blood cells)
-Crescent-shaped, rigid, fragile

Symptoms (6 months)

  • Anemia
  • Jaundice
  • Abdominal/joint pain = red blood cell obstruction
  • Renal/heart failure

Ethnicity

  • African-Americans
  • Western/central Africa

Malaria
-Heterozygous carriers

53
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

CFTR gene, symptoms, ethnicity

A

Mutation on Chromosome 7

CFTR gene
-production of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus

Symptoms

  • No cure
  • lung/pancreas dysfunction
  • Stressful
  • Interferes with other types of development

Ethnicity

  • 1 out of 3200 births (Caucasian)
  • 1 out of 15,000 (African-American)
54
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

phenotype, males, autism

A

Phenotype
-Single codon repeat on X

Males

  • 1 out of 2000 males
  • More severe in males

Autism
-1/3 similar to autism
(social interactions and delayed speech)

55
Q

Cat’s Cry Syndrome

phenotype

A

Phenotype:

-Poor eye control, asymmetrical faces, short stature

56
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome

distinct phenotypical phases, treatment

A

-Prenatal-2 years: slow growth:poor muscle tone, small hands, and small feet
-2-5 years: physical weakness
Treatment
-(no cure) growth hormones, parent/education counseling, diet/nutrition, academic/social programs,cognitive behavioral therapy

57
Q

Taste, smell

A

Evident in newborns

Well-developed by 1 year of age

58
Q

Vision

A

Develops with brain
3-4 months = brightness, focus, primary colors
9 months = see small objects
1 year = track objects

59
Q

Gross/fine motor control

A

Gross/fine motor control -> emerges by year 2

  • Crawling, walking, grasping, etc…
    • Coordination of movements, explore environment

Years 2-6 -> play years

  • Basic motor, perceptual, social, emotional skills
  • Enhance strength
60
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity

61
Q

Language

A

Newborns
Head orientation to mother’s voice
Vocalizations

12-18 months
true words
imitations

62
Q

Teratogens

A

interrupt normal physiological development

-Chemicals, metals, radiation, viruses, bacteria, drugs, maternal stresses

63
Q

main endpoints of teratogenic action

A

Death of embryo/fetus
Birth defects/malformations
Fetal growth deficiency, premature births
Postnatal functional issues
-Cognitive, social, behavioral, emotional

64
Q

Target access

A

direct and indirect routes
Direct = through maternal tissue
Indirect = through maternal blood

psychobiology (2 decks)

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