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1 - PBLs > HD > Flashcards

HD Flashcards

1
Q

Thelarche

A

Onset of breast growth

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2
Q

Menarche

A

Onset of menstruation

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3
Q

Pubarche

A

Onset of pubic hair growth

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4
Q

Adrenarche

A

onset of androgen secretion from the adrenal glands

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5
Q

Average age for menarche

A

12.5

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6
Q

Average age for puberty

A

11 in girls

12 in boys

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7
Q

Symptoms of early pregnancy

A 
Amenorrhoea
Nausea
Vomiting 
Breast enlargement 
Breast tenderness
Increased urinary frequency 
Tiredness
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8
Q

Tests for pregnancy

A

Monoclonal antibody test for presence of beta subunit of hCG

Ultrasound

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9
Q

Methods of assisted conception

A 
IVF
ICSI
IUI
Ovulation induction 
Donor sperm treatment 
Sperm washing 
Surrogacy 
Donor egg
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10
Q

Causes of primary amenorrhoea

A 
Mullerian agenesis 
Turner's syndrome 
Imperforate hymen 
Kallman syndrome
Hypogonadism
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11
Q

Causes of secondary amenorrhoea

A 
Pregnancy 
Breastfeeding 
Menopause
Asherman's syndrome
Sheehan's syndrome 
Polycystic ovary disease
Chronic illness
Weight loss 
Stress
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12
Q

Antenatal screening for maternal health

A

Weight and height
Blood pressure
Urine test for glucose, proteins
Blood test for infections, antibodies, haemoglobin

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13
Q

Antenatal screening for foetal health

A

Ultrasound for structural abnormalities
Blood tests for sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, chromosomal abnoramlities
Cardiotocography for heart beat
Nuchal test for Downs syndrome

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14
Q

Signs of onset of labour

A

Rupture of membranes
Regular painful contractions
Cervical dilatation
Passage of bloodstain mucous plug

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15
Q

Protection of foetus in utero

A 
Thickened myometrium 
Abdominal muscles 
Cushioning from amniotic fluid 
Mucous plug for infections 
Pubic bones 
Placenta
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16
Q

Ferguson’s reflex

A 
Baby applies pressure to the top of the cervix 
Causes oxytocin release 
Causes myometrial contractions 
Pushes baby further into cervix 
Increased oxytocin release 
More contractions
17
Q

Function of relaxin

A

Aids cervical dilatation and vagina

Aids relaxation of pelvic floor muscles

18
Q

Functions of the placenta

A 
Nutrient supply 
Waste removal 
Gaseous exchange 
Detoxification of drugs and metabolites 
Synthesis of hormones 
Long chain fatty acid production
19
Q

Which substances cannot cross the placenta?

A

Insulin, heparin

20
Q

Amniotic fluid formation

A

By the amnion
Ultrafiltrate of blood
Supplemented by secretions from the baby’s lungs and kidneys as urine

21
Q

Function of amniotic fluid

A 
Cushioning 
Development of lungs and GI system 
Formation of meconium
Allows movement
Temperature regulation
22
Q

Foetal metabolic adaptations at birth

A

560g of fat
34g of glycogen
Rely on FFAs initially and ketones in for the brain

23
Q

Respiratory changes at birth

A

Inflation of the lungs
Clearance of lung fluid
Decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance
Secretion of pulmonary surfactant

24
Q

What does the heel prick test look for?

A

Sickle cell disease - haemoglobinopathies
CHT - TSH
Cystic fibrosis - immune reactive trypsinogen
PKU - phenylalanine
MCADD - octanoylcarnitine

25
Q

Advantages of breast feeding

A 
Free
Always available
Right temperature 
Correct balance of nutrients 
Reduces foetal risk of infection, SCIDS and allergies
Helps baby develop immune system 
Reduced maternal risk of breast and ovarian cancer and osteoporosis 
Helps mother with weight loss
Promotes bonding
26
Q

Problems with breastfeeding

A 
Sore nipples
Can't tell amount 
Father can't help 
Have to be with baby 
Inadequate milk supply 
Social stigma 
Embarrassment 
Can't return to work
27
Q

Why can’t cow’s milk not be used?

A

Excessive protein, sodium and phosphate leading to dehydration

28
Q

Why can’t soy based products be used?

A

Contains phyto-oestrogens

Can harm fertility

29
Q

What does breast milk provide that infant formula does not?

A

IgA
Long chain fatty acids
Lysozyme
Whey protein

30
Q

Hormones involved in breastfeeding

A

Human placental lactogen, oxytocin, prolactin, oestrogen and progesterone in breast development
Oestrogen and progesterone block lactogenic effects of prolactin
Prolactin stimulates milk secretion
Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection when suckling

31
Q

5 mesenchymal swellings leading to facial development

A

Frontonasal prominence
Maxillary prominence
Mandibular prominence

32
Q

What causes cleft lip?

A

Failure of maxillary and medial nasal prominences to fuse correctly

33
Q

What causes cleft palate?

A

Failure of palatine shelves to fuse correctly

34
Q

Short term menopause symptoms

A 
Hot flushes and night sweats 
Palpitations
Breast tenderness
Urge incontinence
Vaginal dryness
Fatigue 
Mood swings 
Lowered libido 
Worsening PMS
35
Q

Average age for menopause

A

52

36
Q

Routes of HRT administration

A 
Patches
Gels 
Implants 
Pessaries
Creams 
Nasal sprays
37
Q

Side effects of HRT

A 
Heavy cyclical bleeding
Bloating 
Fluid retention 
Weight gain 
Mastalgia 
Headaches
Muscle pain 
Depression
38
Q

Complications of HRT

A

Thrombo-embolic events

Increased breast and ovarian cancer risk

39
Q

Physiology of menopause

A

Reduction of oestradiol secretion from ovaries
Loss of feedback inhibition on pituitary
Increased FSH and LH levels

1 - PBLs (8 decks)

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