HCT lec module 1 unit 3

Question 1

second leading cause of death behind heart disease

Answer 1

Cancer

Question 2

The most common cancer and the most common cause of death in the world.

Answer 2

Lung cancer

Question 3

It has been estimated that there are 9 modifiable risk factors are responsible for more than one third of cancers worldwide. What are these?

Hint: [Mnemonic] SAOPLUAIC

Answer 3

smoking
alcohol consumption
obesity
physical inactivity
low fruit and vegetable consumption
unsafe sex
air pollution
indoor smoke form household fuels
contaminated injections

Question 4

The diagnosis of cancer relies most heavily on ______ and should never be made without obtaining tissue.

Answer 4

Invasive tissue biopsy

No noninvasive diagnostic test is sufficient to define a disease process as cancer

Question 5

Nomenclature of Neoplasm/ Neoplasia

Answer 5

New growth

Question 6

Originally applied to swelling caused by inflammation, but the non-neoplastic usage has
almost vanished; thus the term now is equated with “neoplasm”

Answer 6

Tumor

Question 7

Study of tumors/neoplasms

Answer 7

Oncology

Question 8

Oncology came from the Greek word, “oncos” which means _____.

Answer 8

Tumor

Question 9

[modern definition] a disorder of cell growth that is triggered by a series of acquired mutations affecting a single cell and it clonal progeny.

Answer 9

Neoplasm

Question 10

{modern definition] Causative mutations give the neoplastic cells a survival and growth advantage, resulting in excessive proliferation that is independent of physiologic growth signals (autonomous)

Answer 10

Neoplasm

Question 11

Constitute the tumor parenchyma.

Answer 11

Neoplastic cells

Question 12

Basis for classification and their biologic behavior

Answer 12

Neoplastic cells

Question 13

made up of connective tissue, blood vessels and variable numbers of cells of the adaptive and innate immune system

Answer 13

Reactive stroma

Question 14

Basis for tumor growth and spread

Answer 14

Reactive stroma

Question 15

When its gross and microscopic appearances are considered relatively innocent, implying
that it will remain localized, will not spread to other sites, and is amenable to local surgical
removal.

Answer 15

Benign tumor

Question 16

Patient generally survives but may cause significant morbidity and are sometimes fatal.

Answer 16

Benign tumor

Question 17

Suffix -oma is attached to the name of the from which the tumor originates.

Answer 17

Benign tumor

Question 18

Tumor of mesenchymal cells from fibrous tissue

Answer 18

Fibroma

Question 19

Tumor of mesenchymals cell from cartilaginous tissue

Answer 19

Chondroma

Question 20

derived from glands but not necessarily producing glandular patterns.

Answer 20

Adenoma (epithelial tumor)

Question 21

microscopic and macroscopic fingerlike warty projections

Answer 21

Papillomas (epithelial tumor)

Question 22

large cystic masses in the ovary

Answer 22

Cystadenoma

Question 23

macroscopically visible projection above a mucosal surface

Answer 23

Polyp

Question 24

if the poly has glandular tissue, type of epithelial tumor is observed

Answer 24

Adenomatous poly

Question 25

Collectively called cancers.

Answer 25

Malignant

Question 26

Cancer is derived from the latin word for ______ because they tend to adhere to any part that they seize on

Answer 26

crab

Question 27

can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death.

Answer 27

Malignant tumors

Question 28

malignant tumors arising from solid mesenchymal tissues.

Answer 28

Sarcomas

Question 29

arise from blood forming cells.

Answer 29

Leukemia

Question 30

arise from lymphocytes or their precursors.

Question 30

arise from lymphocytes or their precursors.

Answer 30

Lymphomas

Question 31

arise from epithelial cell origin and from any of the 3 germ layers.

Answer 31

Carcinoma

Question 32

Carcinoma arise from epithelial cell origin and from any of the 3 germ layers. Name the 3 layers and their origin.

Answer 32

Ectoderm- from epidermis Mesoderm- renal tubules Endoderm- lining of the gastrointestinal tract

Question 33

tumor resemble stratified squamous epithelium.

Answer 33

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 34

neoplastic epithelial cells grow in a glandular pattern.

Answer 34

Adenocarcinoma

Question 35

cells of unknown tissue origin

Answer 35

Undifferentiated malignant tumor

Question 36

Divergent differentiation of a single neoplastic clone

Answer 36

Mixed tumors

Question 37

Most neoplasm arise from this layer

Answer 37

single germ layer

Question 38

Contain epithelial components scattered within a myxoid stroma that may contain islands of cartilage or bone- pleomorphic adenoma.

Answer 38

Mixed tumors

Question 39

contains recognizable mature and immature cells or tissues belonging to more than one germ layer (sometimes all three)

Answer 39

Teratoma

Question 40

normally present in the ovary and testis | or in abnormal midline embryonic rests

Answer 40

totipotential germ cells

Question 41

refers to the extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble the corresponding normal parenchymal cells, both morphologically and functionally.

Answer 41

Differentiation

Question 42

Lack of differentiation

Answer 42

anaplasia

Question 43

A hallmark of malignancy

Answer 43

Lack of differentiation, or anaplasia

Question 44

The rate of growth of a tumor is determined by three main factors:

Answer 44

- the doubling time of tumor cells, - the fraction of tumor cells that are in the replicative pool (growth fraction), - the rate at which cells are shed or die.

Question 45

during the early, submicroscopic phase of | tumor growth, the vast majority of transformed cells are in the _____________.

Answer 45

proliferative pool.

Question 46

Strategy used in the treatment of tumors with low growth fraction is first to shift tumor cells from G0 into the cell cycle

Answer 46

debulking the tumor with surgery or | radiation

Question 47

Aggressive tumors melt away through this treatment

Answer 47

chemotherapy

Question 48

Cancers are ______ and have limitless proliferative capacity, indicating that like normal tissues, they also must contain cells with “stemlike” properties.

Answer 48

Immortal

Question 49

Because they grow and expand slowly, they usually develop a rim of compressed connective tissue, sometimes called a _________.

Answer 49

Fibrous capsule

Question 50

Approximately ____% of newly diagnosed individuals with solid tumors (excluding skin cancers other than melanomas) present with metastases.

Answer 50

30%

Question 51

Three pathways of spread: Hint: [mnemonic] DLH

Answer 51

Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces Lymphatic spread Hematogenous spread.

Question 52

Most common to peritoneal cavity but other cavities may be affected Also common with ovaria carcinoma.

Answer 52

Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces

Question 53

Most common pathway for initial dissemination of carcinomas

Answer 53

Lymphatic seed

Question 54

Typical of sarcomas but is also seen in carcinomas

Answer 54

Hematogenous spread

Question 55

Some lack of differentiation with | anaplasia; structure often atypical

Answer 55

Malignant

Question 56

Rate of growth is erratic and may be slow to rapid; | mitotic figures may be numerous and abnormal

Answer 56

Malignant

Question 57

Locally invasive, infiltrating surrounding tissue; sometimes may be seemingly cohesive and expansile

Answer 57

Malignant

Question 58

Metastasis is frequently present; the larger and more undifferentiated the primary, the more likely are metastases

Answer 58

Malignant

Question 59

Metastasis is absent

Answer 59

Benign

Question 60

Usually cohesive expansile well demarcated masses that do not invade or infiltrate surrounding normal tissues

Answer 60

Benign

Question 61

Rate of growth is usually progressive and slow; may come to a standstill or regress; mitotic figures rare and normal

Answer 61

Benign

Question 62

Well differentiated; structure | sometimes typical of tissue of origin

Answer 62

Benign