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HCT lec module 1.3 > HCT lec module 1 unit 3 > Flashcards

HCT lec module 1 unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

second leading cause of death behind heart disease

A

Cancer

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2
Q

The most common cancer and the most common cause of death in the world.

A

Lung cancer

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3
Q

It has been estimated that there are 9 modifiable risk factors are responsible for more than one third of cancers worldwide. What are these?

Hint: [Mnemonic] SAOPLUAIC

A 
smoking
alcohol consumption
obesity
physical inactivity
low fruit and vegetable consumption
unsafe sex
air pollution
indoor smoke form household fuels
contaminated injections
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4
Q

The diagnosis of cancer relies most heavily on ______ and should never be made without obtaining tissue.

A

Invasive tissue biopsy

No noninvasive diagnostic test is sufficient to define a disease process as cancer

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5
Q

Nomenclature of Neoplasm/ Neoplasia

A

New growth

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6
Q

Originally applied to swelling caused by inflammation, but the non-neoplastic usage has
almost vanished; thus the term now is equated with “neoplasm”

A

Tumor

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7
Q

Study of tumors/neoplasms

A

Oncology

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8
Q

Oncology came from the Greek word, “oncos” which means _____.

A

Tumor

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9
Q

[modern definition] a disorder of cell growth that is triggered by a series of acquired mutations affecting a single cell and it clonal progeny.

A

Neoplasm

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10
Q

{modern definition] Causative mutations give the neoplastic cells a survival and growth advantage, resulting in excessive proliferation that is independent of physiologic growth signals (autonomous)

A

Neoplasm

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11
Q

Constitute the tumor parenchyma.

A

Neoplastic cells

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12
Q

Basis for classification and their biologic behavior

A

Neoplastic cells

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13
Q

made up of connective tissue, blood vessels and variable numbers of cells of the adaptive and innate immune system

A

Reactive stroma

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14
Q

Basis for tumor growth and spread

A

Reactive stroma

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15
Q

When its gross and microscopic appearances are considered relatively innocent, implying
that it will remain localized, will not spread to other sites, and is amenable to local surgical
removal.

A

Benign tumor

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16
Q

Patient generally survives but may cause significant morbidity and are sometimes fatal.

A

Benign tumor

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17
Q

Suffix -oma is attached to the name of the from which the tumor originates.

A

Benign tumor

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18
Q

Tumor of mesenchymal cells from fibrous tissue

A

Fibroma

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19
Q

Tumor of mesenchymals cell from cartilaginous tissue

A

Chondroma

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20
Q

derived from glands but not necessarily producing glandular patterns.

A

Adenoma (epithelial tumor)

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21
Q

microscopic and macroscopic fingerlike warty projections

A

Papillomas (epithelial tumor)

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22
Q

large cystic masses in the ovary

A

Cystadenoma

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23
Q

macroscopically visible projection above a mucosal surface

A

Polyp

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24
Q

if the poly has glandular tissue, type of epithelial tumor is observed

A

Adenomatous poly

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25
Q

Collectively called cancers.

A

Malignant

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26
Q

Cancer is derived from the latin word for ______ because they tend to adhere to any part that they
seize on

A

crab

27
Q

can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites
(metastasize) to cause death.

A

Malignant tumors

28
Q

malignant tumors arising from solid mesenchymal tissues.

A

Sarcomas

29
Q

arise from blood forming cells.

A

Leukemia

30
Q

arise from lymphocytes or their precursors.

A
30
Q

arise from lymphocytes or their precursors.

A

Lymphomas

31
Q

arise from epithelial cell origin and from any of the 3 germ layers.

A

Carcinoma

32
Q

Carcinoma arise from epithelial cell origin and from any of the 3 germ layers.

Name the 3 layers and their origin.

A

Ectoderm- from epidermis
Mesoderm- renal tubules
Endoderm- lining of the gastrointestinal tract

33
Q

tumor resemble stratified squamous epithelium.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

34
Q

neoplastic epithelial cells grow in a glandular pattern.

A

Adenocarcinoma

35
Q

cells of unknown tissue origin

A

Undifferentiated malignant tumor

36
Q

Divergent differentiation of a single neoplastic clone

A

Mixed tumors

37
Q

Most neoplasm arise from this layer

A

single germ layer

38
Q

Contain epithelial components scattered within a myxoid stroma that may contain islands
of cartilage or bone- pleomorphic adenoma.

A

Mixed tumors

39
Q

contains recognizable mature and immature cells or tissues belonging to more
than one germ layer (sometimes all three)

A

Teratoma

40
Q

normally present in the ovary and testis

or in abnormal midline embryonic rests

A

totipotential germ cells

41
Q

refers to the extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble the
corresponding normal parenchymal cells, both morphologically and functionally.

A

Differentiation

42
Q

Lack of differentiation

A

anaplasia

43
Q

A hallmark of malignancy

A

Lack of differentiation, or anaplasia

44
Q

The rate of growth of a tumor is determined by three main factors:

A
  • the doubling time of tumor cells,
  • the fraction of tumor cells that are in the replicative pool (growth fraction),
  • the rate at which cells are shed or die.
45
Q

during the early, submicroscopic phase of

tumor growth, the vast majority of transformed cells are in the _____________.

A

proliferative pool.

46
Q

Strategy used in the treatment of tumors with low growth fraction is first to shift tumor cells from G0 into the cell cycle

A

debulking the tumor with surgery or

radiation

47
Q

Aggressive tumors melt away through this treatment

A

chemotherapy

48
Q

Cancers are ______ and have limitless proliferative capacity, indicating that like normal
tissues, they also must contain cells with “stemlike” properties.

A

Immortal

49
Q

Because they grow and expand slowly, they usually develop a rim of compressed connective tissue, sometimes called a _________.

A

Fibrous capsule

50
Q

Approximately ____% of newly diagnosed individuals with solid tumors (excluding skin cancers other than melanomas) present with metastases.

A

30%

51
Q

Three pathways of spread:

Hint: [mnemonic] DLH

A

Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces
Lymphatic spread
Hematogenous spread.

52
Q

Most common to peritoneal cavity but other cavities may be affected
Also common with ovaria carcinoma.

A

Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces

53
Q

Most common pathway for initial dissemination of carcinomas

A

Lymphatic seed

54
Q

Typical of sarcomas but is also seen in carcinomas

A

Hematogenous spread

55
Q

Some lack of differentiation with

anaplasia; structure often atypical

A

Malignant

56
Q

Rate of growth is erratic and may be slow to rapid;

mitotic figures may be numerous and abnormal

A

Malignant

57
Q

Locally invasive, infiltrating
surrounding tissue; sometimes
may be seemingly cohesive and
expansile

A

Malignant

58
Q

Metastasis is frequently present; the larger and
more undifferentiated the primary,
the more likely are metastases

A

Malignant

59
Q

Metastasis is absent

A

Benign

60
Q

Usually cohesive expansile well demarcated masses that do not invade or infiltrate surrounding
normal tissues

A

Benign

61
Q

Rate of growth is usually progressive and slow; may come to a standstill or regress; mitotic
figures rare and normal

A

Benign

62
Q

Well differentiated; structure

sometimes typical of tissue of origin

A

Benign

HCT lec module 1.3 (1 decks)

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