HCI Test 1 Flashcards
When to use observation
Know users’ behavior in real life
When users’ behavior is observable
Understand context of user activity
Cautions in Observation
(1) Get permissions from users first
(2) Be aware of heavy logging workload
(3) Separate what you saw (behavior) and what you think (comments)
Types of quantitative analysis
(1) Descriptive results
(2) Regression analysis
(3) ANOVA
Descriptive results in data analysis
%, confidence interval, SD
Regression analysis in data analysis
using scores in a questionnaire to predict user satisfaction
ANOVA
measures the effects of factors on UI usages and preferences from questionnaire results or observations
Type of Qualitative analysis
Coding
Coding
Convert verbal and other qualitative information into digits
2 Coding methods
(1) with multiple evaluators and (2) with software
With multiple evaluators (coding)…
you have to invite at least two to code same results, training is needed, check their consistency
How to evaluate coding results
Correlation (correlation coefficient). Coefficient should be positivew and greater than .6, otherwise inconsistency between 2 evaluators
Coding software
(1) Coding analysis toolkit (CAT)
(2) RQDA
(3) WEFT QDA
(4) Stories Matter
(5) Compendium
Cost of bad design
(1) Performance and safety problems for users
(2) Customer/user give up the function
(3) Additional customer/user support
(4) User dissatisfaction -> reputation and lower market share
Why study HCI
(1) improve human performance, optimize workload and aesthetics
(2) bring new style of life
First track ball
Tom Cranston
First mouse
Douglas Engelbart
Usability Engineer job
(1) Development of prototypes and user interaction models
(2) Usability evaluation and testing
(3) User interface mock-ups
(4) Statistics and exp design
(5) Writing and communication skils
HCI Journals
- ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
- IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics
- IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
- International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
- Behavior & Information Technology
- Applied Ergonomics
- Human Factors
- Ergonomics
Another name for semantic network
Experience
What can we learn from affordance movie (bank robber)
People follow naturalistic behavior
Other basic design principles
(1) Consistency in terminology, colors fonts
(2) Shorcuts
(3) Dialogues to yield closure (sequences of actions clearly organized with beginning, middle, end)
(4) Error prevention, and management
(5) Easy reversal of actions (error tolerance)
(6) Internal locus of control
(7) Reduce working memory load
Another design principle
Stimulus-response compatibility (stove-top pictures)
Methods to describe users
(1) Market Segmentation
(2) Persona
Methods to “know” users
(1) Questionnaire
(2) Interview
(3) Focus Group
(4) Observation
(5) Data analysis for those methods
Persona (def)
A representation of one group of users, based on market segmentation
What is included in persona
(1) nickname, photo, expected age
(2) Short description of characteristics of his or her jobs or other part of life relevant to the user interfact
(3) Context of use and constraints
Market Segmentation
Distribution of current users/consumers in age, income, regions etc. Expected distribution of future users
Odd number questions
more natural, but could make people be neutral on sensitive subjects
Questionnaire Constructions
(1) Hierarchical construction based on theory and/or practice
(2) Propose questions based on each category in the hierarchy
(3) Choose open and close-ended questions
Practice-based questions (examples)
phone-related, office-related, entertainment-related
Theory-based questions
based on Maslow’s hierarchy
Maslow’s hierarchy
(1) Physiological
(2) Safety
(3) Belongingness/love
(4) Esteem
(5) Aesthetic/cognitive
(6) Self-actualization
Other questionnaire concerns
Time, location, sample size, data analysis, social judgment
Under belongingness/love
affiliation, acceptance, affection
Under esteem needs
competence, approval, recognition
Under aesthetic/cognitive needs
knowledge, understanding, goodness, justice, beauty, order, symmetry
Advantages of questionnaires
(1) large sample size
(2) quick and easy way to know some basic information
(3) no complex equipment
Limitations of questionnaires
(1) reliability and validity
(2) Designing may be time-consuming
(3) not as interactive/exploratory as interview
Things to keep in mind -> interview
(1) should be well-planned/stick to outline
(2) sequence: easy->hard
(3) opening and closing statements
Lead statement for interview
(1) Goals of interview
(2) Major topics
(3) Time required
Goals of initial questions in interview
Get interviewee talking, get background info
While interviewing…
(1) take notes/record with proper permission and consent
(2) probe
(3) Focus/redirect
(4) Keep neutral position
When to use focus group
natural expression when diverse opinions, sensitive topics
Issues in focus group
(1) Avoid dominant speaker
(2) Avoid deviation from topic
(3) Distraction among members
(4) Too long/dry
(4) shy
