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HCI Flashcards

1
Q

About what time was the field of HCI (as we know it now) created?

A

Late 1970s

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2
Q

When was the Xerox Star launched?

A

1981

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3
Q

When was the Nokia 3210 launched?

A

1999

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4
Q

When was Wikipedia launched?

A

2001

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5
Q

Attempting to understand how people discover and learn to use features in an interface is an example of what?
- Empirical problems
- Conceptual problems
- Constructive problems

A

Empirical problems

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6
Q

Building a theory of what it means for users to feel immersed in virtual reality is an example of what?
- Empirical problems
- Conceptual problems
- Constructive problems

A

Conceptual problems

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7
Q

Developing guidelines that help designers create accessible user interfaces is an example of what?
- Empirical problems
- Conceptual problems
- Constructive problems

A

Constructive problems

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8
Q

Who found out that users don’t always have preconceived ‘plans’?

A

Suchman

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9
Q

What was the name of the first publicly available digital computer?

A

ENIAC

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10
Q

What was the name of Vannevar Bush’s famous essay from 1945?

A

“As we may think”

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10
Q

Who wrote “As we may think”?

A

Vannevar Bush

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11
Q

What principle did the Memex pioneer?

A

Interlinked documents

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12
Q

Who envisioned the Memex?

A

Vannevar Bush

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13
Q

When was the transistor invented?

A

1947

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14
Q

For which computer was the first game, “Space War”, created?

A

DEC PDP-1

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15
Q

Who invented “Sketchpad”?

A

Ivan Sutherland

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16
Q

When was “the mother of all demos”?

A

1968

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17
Q

Who did “the mother of all demos”?

A

Doug Engelbart

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18
Q

Who did the first prototype of AR/VR?

A

Ivan Sutherland

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19
Q

Who envisioned the Dynabook?

A

Alan Kay

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20
Q

In relation to a GUI, the WIMP paradigm stands for?

A

Windows, Icons, Menu, Pointer

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21
Q

What was the name of the first collaborative document editor from 1989?

A

GROVE

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22
Q

What did Mark Weiser believe about the role of computers?

A

They should fade in the background and become part of our everyday lives

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23
Q

Who invented the term “ubiquitous computing”?

A

Mark Weiser

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24
Q

When was JavaScript released?

A

1995

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25
Q

What is level 1 on Jonathan Grudin’s chart of interface focus?

A

Interface as hardware

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26
Q

What is level 2 on Jonathan Grudin’s chart of interface focus?

A

Interface as software

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27
Q

What is level 3 on Jonathan Grudin’s chart of interface focus?

A

Interface as terminal

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28
Q

What is level 4 on Jonathan Grudin’s chart of interface focus?

A

Interface as dialogue

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29
Q

What is level 5 on Jonathan Grudin’s chart of interface focus?

A

Interface as work setting

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30
Q

What is a “Wizard of Oz” study?

A

An experimenter pretends to be a computer

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31
Q

When was the WIMP paradigm introduced?

A

1981 with the Xerox Star

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32
Q

When was the WWW invented?

A

1989

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33
Q

What 3 items make up the concept of perception?

A
  • Sensory information
  • Attention
  • Expectation
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34
Q

In relation to perception, the task of telling whether a difference occurs in sensory stimulation is called what?

A

Discrimination

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35
Q

In relation to perception, the task of telling whether an event occurs (or not) in the environment is called what?

A

Detection

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36
Q

In relation to perception, the task of categorizing stimulus as something is called what?

A

Recognition

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37
Q

In relation to perception, the task of estimating a property of an object or event in the environment is called what?

A

Estimation

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38
Q

In relation to perception, the task of localizing an object of interest is called what?

A

Search

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39
Q

In relation to visual perception, which pathway computes the identity of objects?

A

The ventral pathway

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40
Q

In relation to visual perception, which pathway encodes the location of visual objects and actions related to them?

A

The dorsal pathway

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41
Q

In relation to visual perception, which pathway specializes in social processing?

A

The superior temporal sulcus

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42
Q

What type of photo receptors can perceive colors?

A

The cones

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43
Q

What type of photo receptors are most sensitive to light?

A

The rods

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44
Q

What type of photo receptors are faster?

A

The cones

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45
Q

The Gestalt principles describe what?

A

How humans perceive structure

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46
Q

What are the three central motor tasks?

A
  • Target acquisition
  • Simple reaction
  • Choice reaction
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47
Q

What are the three types of target acquisition?

A
  • Discrete aimed movements
  • Continuous aimed movements
  • Temporally constrained aimed movements
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48
Q

In relation to motor tasks, what is a simple
reaction?

A

Something appears on the display and the user must respond to it as quickly as possible

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49
Q

What is the Hick-Hyman Law related to?

A

Choice reaction

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50
Q

What is the Wickens cube related to?

A

Multitasking

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51
Q

What is the NASA TLX?

A

Task Load Index: a questionnaire for estimating cognitive load

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52
Q

How many items can be held in short term memory at a time? (range)

A

2-6

53
Q

Memories which can be expressed in words are called what?

A

Declarative

54
Q

Memories which cannot be expressed in words are called what?

A

Non-declarative

55
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Memories which can be expressed in words

56
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

Memories which are not stored as words

57
Q

What are Kahneman’s 2 systems for decision-making in all humans?

A
  1. Fast, driven by intuition, emotion and associative memory
  2. Slow, monitors system 1 and intervenes
58
Q

What’s the name of the model that describes the human similar to a CPU?

A

Model Human Processor

59
Q

What are the 3 subsystems of a human?

A
  • Perceptual system
  • Motor system
  • Cognitive system
60
Q

About how long is the Perceive-Recognize-Act cycle according to the Model Human Processor?

A

About 240ms

61
Q

What is the Ratcliff model related to?

A

Simple reactions

62
Q

What are the 5 elementary cognitive abilities?

A
  • Control
  • Memory
  • Attention
  • Reasoning
  • Decision-making
63
Q

What is cognitive control

A

The ability to direct thinking and action toward some goal

64
Q

What does self-determination theory say about people’s motivation compared to Maslow?

A

People are more motivated by maximizing positives than minimizing negatives

65
Q

What are the 3 main needs in the self-determination theory?

A
  • Autonomy
  • Competence
  • Relatedness
66
Q

Whats the difference between hard controls and soft interfaces?

A

Hard controls use physical single-purpose inputs, while soft interfaces blend the input with the output

67
Q

What type of indirect controller is a ThinkPad clitoris?

A

Isometric controller

68
Q

What type of indirect controller is a mouse?

A

Isotonic controller

69
Q

What type of indirect controller is a joystick?

A

Elastic controller

70
Q

What is the preferred mapping of an isotonic controller?

A

Position

71
Q

What is the preferred mapping of an isometric controller?

A

Velocity

72
Q

What is control-display gain?

A

The ratio of mouse movement to cursor movement on the screen

73
Q

What is the difference between interaction techniques and interaction tasks?

A

Tasks are the goals and techniques are the implementations

74
Q

What are the 3 special types of modes in user interfaces?

A
  • Temporal modes
  • Spatial modes
  • Quasi-modes
75
Q

In order of most concrete to most abstract, what concepts does Schneiderman introduce to help inform interface design?

A
  1. Guidelines
  2. Principles
  3. Theories
76
Q

What are Schneiderman’s 8 golden rules?

A
  • Consistency
  • Universal usability
  • Feedback
  • Dialogues
  • Prevent errors
  • Reversible actions
  • Keep user in control
  • Reduce short-term memory load
77
Q

What are the 4 types of errors?

A
  • Slip
  • Lapse
  • Rule-based mistake
  • Knowledge-based mistake
78
Q

What type of error is hitting the wrong button by mistake?

A

Slip

79
Q

What type of error is forgetting to set the resolution of a video before export?

A

Lapse

80
Q

What type of error is continuing to edit an online document even though the internet connection is lost?

A

Rule-based mistake

81
Q

What type of error is not saving a file in a desktop application because the user is used to cloud-based app that autosave?

A

Knowledge-based mistake

82
Q

What are Don Norman’s 6 principles, minus the overlap with Schneiderman’s (so 4)?

A
  • Visibility
  • Affordances
  • Natural mapping
  • Constraints
83
Q

What are the 4 types of theories?

A
  • Predictive
  • Explanatory
  • Descriptive
  • Prescriptive
84
Q

What type of theory is Fitts’ law?

A

Predictive

85
Q

What type of theory is the theory of four levels, which splits the analysis of an interface into the conceptual level, the semantic level, the syntactic level and the lexical level?

A

Descriptive

86
Q

What type of theory provides frameworks for analysis?

A

Descriptive

87
Q

What type of theory provides frameworks for analysis of failures?

A

Explanatory

88
Q

What type of theory provides guidelines for implementors?

A

Prescriptive

89
Q

What type of theory is the Gestalt theory?

A

Prescriptive

90
Q

What are the NN/g’s 5 visual-design principles?

A
  • Scale
  • Visual Hierarchy
  • Balance
  • Contrast
  • Gestalt Principles
91
Q

What is a metaphor in interface design?

A

Designing the interface to symbolically mimic something which the user already has experience with

92
Q

What can be used to evaluate user satisfaction?

A

The System Usability Scale questionnaire

93
Q

What are Schneiderman’s 3 high-level design principles?

A
  • Determine users’ skill level
  • Identify task
  • Choose interaction style
94
Q

What is an analytical evaluation method?

A

Comparing an interface to guidelines and theories without testing it on a user

95
Q

What is an empirical evaluation method?

A

Testing the interface on an actual user

96
Q

What is the type of evaluation method that compares an interface to a set of guidelines or theories?

A

Analytical evaluation

97
Q

What is the type of evaluation that tests an interface on actual users?

A

Empirical evaluation

98
Q

What type of evaluation is a think-aloud-study?

A

Empirical

99
Q

Who created the most widely used set of evaluation heuristics?

A

Molich & Nielsen

100
Q

What is an HEI evaluation?

A

Human Error Identification:
Identifying all possible routes the user can take, and looking for erroneous ones.

101
Q

Cognitive walkthrough suffers from what?
- False positives
- False negatives

A

False negatives

102
Q

What is a formative evaluation?

A

An evaluation done to inform the system’s further design

103
Q

What is a summative evaluation?

A

An evaluation done to measure an already finished product

104
Q

What’s the name of an evaluation done to inform a system’s design?

A

A formative evaluation

105
Q

What’s the name of an evaluation done to measure an already finished product?

A

A summative evaluation

106
Q

What type of experiment typically doesn’t have a hypothesis?

A

An explorative experiment

107
Q

What is the name of the type of experiment where each person is exposed to all levels of the independent variable?

A

Within-participant experiment

108
Q

What is the name of the type of experiment where each person is only exposed to one level of the independent variable?

A

Between-participant experiment

109
Q

What type of theory is activity-theory?
- Predictive
- Explanatory
- Descriptive
- Prescriptive

A

Descriptive

110
Q

What is the scope of theory is activity-theory?
- Micro-HCI
- Macro-HCI

A

Macro-HCI

111
Q

What era of HCI does activity theory relate to?

A

Modern

112
Q

Why was activity theory introduced to HCI?

A

The field was lacking the language to talk about how computers influenced organizations beyond the individual level

113
Q

In order from highest to lowest, what are the 3 levels in the structure of activity?

A
  1. Activities
  2. Actions
  3. Operations
114
Q

What is the name of the transformation from operation to action?

A

Conceptualization

115
Q

What is the name of the transformation from action to operation?

A

Automatization

116
Q

What is a contradiction in regards to activity theory?

A

Conflicting elements within or between activities that drives development

117
Q

What is a level 1 contradiction?

A

Inner contradiction within a single element

118
Q

What is a level 2 contradiction?

A

A contradiction between two elements

119
Q

What is a level 3 contradiction?

A

A contradiction between the object of current activity, and a culturally more advanced one

120
Q

What is a level 4 contradiction?

A

A contradiction between an element and the activity that produced it

121
Q

What is the purpose of the human-artifact model?

A

Exposing contradictions between how an artifact expects to be used and how a user wants to use it

122
Q

In JavaScript, given a DOM element, how do you access the next sibling which isn’t a text node?

A

element.nextElementSibling

123
Q

What does an event handler look like in JavaScript?

A

element.onevent = functionName

124
Q

What does an event listener look like in JavaScript?

A

element.addEventListener(“event”, functionName)

125
Q

In the order that they are run, what are the two phases of the JavaScript event flow?

A
  1. Capture phase
  2. Bubbling phase
126
Q

What are the 3 “Responsive Web” techniques?

A
  • Media queries
  • Fluid grids
  • Fluid images
127
Q

What does WAI-ARIA stand for?

A

Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications

128
Q

What is the difference between internationalization and localization?

A

Internationalization is the act of making it possible to adapt software to other cultures, whereas localization is the act of actually adapting it to a specific culture

129
Q

What’s the difference between the stroke model and the region model in 2D graphics?

A

The region model allows filling with color

130
Q

Who named the 3 periods of HCI?

A

Rogers

HCI (1 decks)

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