HCI Flashcards
About what time was the field of HCI (as we know it now) created?
Late 1970s
When was the Xerox Star launched?
1981
When was the Nokia 3210 launched?
1999
When was Wikipedia launched?
2001
Attempting to understand how people discover and learn to use features in an interface is an example of what?
- Empirical problems
- Conceptual problems
- Constructive problems
Empirical problems
Building a theory of what it means for users to feel immersed in virtual reality is an example of what?
- Empirical problems
- Conceptual problems
- Constructive problems
Conceptual problems
Developing guidelines that help designers create accessible user interfaces is an example of what?
- Empirical problems
- Conceptual problems
- Constructive problems
Constructive problems
Who found out that users don’t always have preconceived ‘plans’?
Suchman
What was the name of the first publicly available digital computer?
ENIAC
What was the name of Vannevar Bush’s famous essay from 1945?
“As we may think”
Who wrote “As we may think”?
Vannevar Bush
What principle did the Memex pioneer?
Interlinked documents
Who envisioned the Memex?
Vannevar Bush
When was the transistor invented?
1947
For which computer was the first game, “Space War”, created?
DEC PDP-1
Who invented “Sketchpad”?
Ivan Sutherland
When was “the mother of all demos”?
1968
Who did “the mother of all demos”?
Doug Engelbart
Who did the first prototype of AR/VR?
Ivan Sutherland
Who envisioned the Dynabook?
Alan Kay
In relation to a GUI, the WIMP paradigm stands for?
Windows, Icons, Menu, Pointer
What was the name of the first collaborative document editor from 1989?
GROVE
What did Mark Weiser believe about the role of computers?
They should fade in the background and become part of our everyday lives
Who invented the term “ubiquitous computing”?
Mark Weiser
When was JavaScript released?
1995
What is level 1 on Jonathan Grudin’s chart of interface focus?
Interface as hardware
What is level 2 on Jonathan Grudin’s chart of interface focus?
Interface as software
What is level 3 on Jonathan Grudin’s chart of interface focus?
Interface as terminal
What is level 4 on Jonathan Grudin’s chart of interface focus?
Interface as dialogue
What is level 5 on Jonathan Grudin’s chart of interface focus?
Interface as work setting
What is a “Wizard of Oz” study?
An experimenter pretends to be a computer
When was the WIMP paradigm introduced?
1981 with the Xerox Star
When was the WWW invented?
1989
What 3 items make up the concept of perception?
- Sensory information
- Attention
- Expectation
In relation to perception, the task of telling whether a difference occurs in sensory stimulation is called what?
Discrimination
In relation to perception, the task of telling whether an event occurs (or not) in the environment is called what?
Detection
In relation to perception, the task of categorizing stimulus as something is called what?
Recognition
In relation to perception, the task of estimating a property of an object or event in the environment is called what?
Estimation
In relation to perception, the task of localizing an object of interest is called what?
Search
In relation to visual perception, which pathway computes the identity of objects?
The ventral pathway
In relation to visual perception, which pathway encodes the location of visual objects and actions related to them?
The dorsal pathway
In relation to visual perception, which pathway specializes in social processing?
The superior temporal sulcus
What type of photo receptors can perceive colors?
The cones
What type of photo receptors are most sensitive to light?
The rods
What type of photo receptors are faster?
The cones
The Gestalt principles describe what?
How humans perceive structure
What are the three central motor tasks?
- Target acquisition
- Simple reaction
- Choice reaction
What are the three types of target acquisition?
- Discrete aimed movements
- Continuous aimed movements
- Temporally constrained aimed movements
In relation to motor tasks, what is a simple
reaction?
Something appears on the display and the user must respond to it as quickly as possible
What is the Hick-Hyman Law related to?
Choice reaction
What is the Wickens cube related to?
Multitasking
What is the NASA TLX?
Task Load Index: a questionnaire for estimating cognitive load
How many items can be held in short term memory at a time? (range)
2-6
Memories which can be expressed in words are called what?
Declarative
Memories which cannot be expressed in words are called what?
Non-declarative
What is declarative memory?
Memories which can be expressed in words
What is non-declarative memory?
Memories which are not stored as words
What are Kahneman’s 2 systems for decision-making in all humans?
- Fast, driven by intuition, emotion and associative memory
- Slow, monitors system 1 and intervenes
What’s the name of the model that describes the human similar to a CPU?
Model Human Processor
What are the 3 subsystems of a human?
- Perceptual system
- Motor system
- Cognitive system
About how long is the Perceive-Recognize-Act cycle according to the Model Human Processor?
About 240ms
What is the Ratcliff model related to?
Simple reactions
What are the 5 elementary cognitive abilities?
- Control
- Memory
- Attention
- Reasoning
- Decision-making
What is cognitive control
The ability to direct thinking and action toward some goal
What does self-determination theory say about people’s motivation compared to Maslow?
People are more motivated by maximizing positives than minimizing negatives
What are the 3 main needs in the self-determination theory?
- Autonomy
- Competence
- Relatedness
Whats the difference between hard controls and soft interfaces?
Hard controls use physical single-purpose inputs, while soft interfaces blend the input with the output
What type of indirect controller is a ThinkPad clitoris?
Isometric controller
What type of indirect controller is a mouse?
Isotonic controller
What type of indirect controller is a joystick?
Elastic controller
What is the preferred mapping of an isotonic controller?
Position
What is the preferred mapping of an isometric controller?
Velocity
What is control-display gain?
The ratio of mouse movement to cursor movement on the screen
What is the difference between interaction techniques and interaction tasks?
Tasks are the goals and techniques are the implementations
What are the 3 special types of modes in user interfaces?
- Temporal modes
- Spatial modes
- Quasi-modes
In order of most concrete to most abstract, what concepts does Schneiderman introduce to help inform interface design?
- Guidelines
- Principles
- Theories
What are Schneiderman’s 8 golden rules?
- Consistency
- Universal usability
- Feedback
- Dialogues
- Prevent errors
- Reversible actions
- Keep user in control
- Reduce short-term memory load
What are the 4 types of errors?
- Slip
- Lapse
- Rule-based mistake
- Knowledge-based mistake
What type of error is hitting the wrong button by mistake?
Slip
What type of error is forgetting to set the resolution of a video before export?
Lapse
What type of error is continuing to edit an online document even though the internet connection is lost?
Rule-based mistake
What type of error is not saving a file in a desktop application because the user is used to cloud-based app that autosave?
Knowledge-based mistake
What are Don Norman’s 6 principles, minus the overlap with Schneiderman’s (so 4)?
- Visibility
- Affordances
- Natural mapping
- Constraints
What are the 4 types of theories?
- Predictive
- Explanatory
- Descriptive
- Prescriptive
What type of theory is Fitts’ law?
Predictive
What type of theory is the theory of four levels, which splits the analysis of an interface into the conceptual level, the semantic level, the syntactic level and the lexical level?
Descriptive
What type of theory provides frameworks for analysis?
Descriptive
What type of theory provides frameworks for analysis of failures?
Explanatory
What type of theory provides guidelines for implementors?
Prescriptive
What type of theory is the Gestalt theory?
Prescriptive
What are the NN/g’s 5 visual-design principles?
- Scale
- Visual Hierarchy
- Balance
- Contrast
- Gestalt Principles
What is a metaphor in interface design?
Designing the interface to symbolically mimic something which the user already has experience with
What can be used to evaluate user satisfaction?
The System Usability Scale questionnaire
What are Schneiderman’s 3 high-level design principles?
- Determine users’ skill level
- Identify task
- Choose interaction style
What is an analytical evaluation method?
Comparing an interface to guidelines and theories without testing it on a user
What is an empirical evaluation method?
Testing the interface on an actual user
What is the type of evaluation method that compares an interface to a set of guidelines or theories?
Analytical evaluation
What is the type of evaluation that tests an interface on actual users?
Empirical evaluation
What type of evaluation is a think-aloud-study?
Empirical
Who created the most widely used set of evaluation heuristics?
Molich & Nielsen
What is an HEI evaluation?
Human Error Identification:
Identifying all possible routes the user can take, and looking for erroneous ones.
Cognitive walkthrough suffers from what?
- False positives
- False negatives
False negatives
What is a formative evaluation?
An evaluation done to inform the system’s further design
What is a summative evaluation?
An evaluation done to measure an already finished product
What’s the name of an evaluation done to inform a system’s design?
A formative evaluation
What’s the name of an evaluation done to measure an already finished product?
A summative evaluation
What type of experiment typically doesn’t have a hypothesis?
An explorative experiment
What is the name of the type of experiment where each person is exposed to all levels of the independent variable?
Within-participant experiment
What is the name of the type of experiment where each person is only exposed to one level of the independent variable?
Between-participant experiment
What type of theory is activity-theory?
- Predictive
- Explanatory
- Descriptive
- Prescriptive
Descriptive
What is the scope of theory is activity-theory?
- Micro-HCI
- Macro-HCI
Macro-HCI
What era of HCI does activity theory relate to?
Modern
Why was activity theory introduced to HCI?
The field was lacking the language to talk about how computers influenced organizations beyond the individual level
In order from highest to lowest, what are the 3 levels in the structure of activity?
- Activities
- Actions
- Operations
What is the name of the transformation from operation to action?
Conceptualization
What is the name of the transformation from action to operation?
Automatization
What is a contradiction in regards to activity theory?
Conflicting elements within or between activities that drives development
What is a level 1 contradiction?
Inner contradiction within a single element
What is a level 2 contradiction?
A contradiction between two elements
What is a level 3 contradiction?
A contradiction between the object of current activity, and a culturally more advanced one
What is a level 4 contradiction?
A contradiction between an element and the activity that produced it
What is the purpose of the human-artifact model?
Exposing contradictions between how an artifact expects to be used and how a user wants to use it
In JavaScript, given a DOM element, how do you access the next sibling which isn’t a text node?
element.nextElementSibling
What does an event handler look like in JavaScript?
element.onevent = functionName
What does an event listener look like in JavaScript?
element.addEventListener(“event”, functionName)
In the order that they are run, what are the two phases of the JavaScript event flow?
- Capture phase
- Bubbling phase
What are the 3 “Responsive Web” techniques?
- Media queries
- Fluid grids
- Fluid images
What does WAI-ARIA stand for?
Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications
What is the difference between internationalization and localization?
Internationalization is the act of making it possible to adapt software to other cultures, whereas localization is the act of actually adapting it to a specific culture
What’s the difference between the stroke model and the region model in 2D graphics?
The region model allows filling with color
Who named the 3 periods of HCI?
Rogers
