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hCG & Amniotic Fluid Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of hCG?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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2
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 3 weeks of pregnancy?

A

5-50 mIU/mL

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3
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 17-24 weeks of pregnancy?

A

4,060-165,400 mIU/mL

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4
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 6 weeks of pregnancy?

A

1,080-56,500 mIU/mL

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5
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 4 weeks of pregnancy?

A

5-426 mIU/mL

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6
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 9-12 weeks of pregnancy?

A

25,700-288,000 mIU/mL

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7
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 25-40 weeks of pregnancy?

A

3,640–117,000 mIU/mL

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8
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 13-16 weeks of pregnancy?

A

13,300-254,000 mIU/mL

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9
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 7-8 weeks of pregnancy?

A

7,650-229,000 mIU/mL

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10
Q

What is the standard hCG range at 5 weeks of pregnancy?

A

18-7,340 mIU/mL

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11
Q

What do pregnancy tests detect in urine?

A

hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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12
Q

This is essential for the function of the corpus luteum

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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13
Q

This hormone is produced by the placenta from the time at which the embryo attaches to the uterine

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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14
Q

What is the structure that produces the hormone progesterone and estrogen?

A

corpus luteum

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15
Q

In a pregnancy test, hCG binds to?

A

mobile antibodies

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16
Q

hCG is detectable in urine as early as?

A

14 days or 2 weeks

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17
Q

What pregnancy test method is not commonly used nowadays?

A

Agglutination Inhibition Assay for hCG

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18
Q

Do not interpret the pregnancy test result for more than _____ because it might result to false positive

A

5 minutes

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19
Q

In later stages of fetal development the amniotic fluid can contain?

A

Fetal urine & fetal cells

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20
Q

Aside from providing a protective cushion for the fetus, what are the other functions of the amniotic fluid?

A
  • allows fetal movement
  • stabilizes temperature (to protect the fetus from extreme temperature changes)
  • exchange of nutrients, water, and chemical substances between the mother and fetus
  • permits proper lung development
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21
Q

In this condition there is excessive amniotic fluid accumulates in the uterus during pregnancy. Amniotic fluid volume is greater than 1200 mL

A

polyhydramnios

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22
Q

In this condition, there is too little amniotic fluid around the baby during pregnancy. Amniotic fluid volume is less than 800 mL

A

oligohydramnios

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23
Q

These are lung surfactants that serve as an index of fetal lung maturity

A

lecithin, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidyl glycerol

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24
Q

What hormone prevents the occurrence of menstruation?

A

Progesterone

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25
What organ triggers the release of hCG?
Placenta
26
Found in the amnion, a membranous sac surrounding the fetus
Amniotic fluid
27
Normal volume of amniotic fluid
500 – 2500 mL term
28
Amniotic fluid is formed by?
- Metabolism of fetal cells - Transfer of water across the placental membrane - Fetal urine (later stage of development)
29
Collection of amniotic fluid guided by ultrasound
Amniocentesis
30
When collecting amniotic fluid it should be not more than _____ or it may cause premature labor or rapture membranes
20 mL
31
In agglutination inhibition assay, if the reaction produces a visible clumping it is a?
negative reaction: not pregnant
32
In agglutination inhibition assay, if the reaction produces no visible clumping it is a?
positive reaction: pregnant
33
Since amniocentesis is not a routine test, what are the indications or basis for performing amniocentesis?
* Suspected chromosomal abnormalities * Metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes) * Neural tube defects * HDN (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn) where the blood of the mother and the fetus is incompatible * Determine gestational age * Infection (to determine genetic disorders) * Fetal maturity
34
This test helps determine if the amniotic fluid is intact and is also used to differentiate amniotic fluid from cervical mucus in cases where amniotic fluid is suspected to be leaking
Fern test
35
How do you differentiate cervical mucus and amniotic fluid in a fern test?
Amniotic fluid tends to produce a more delicate pattern, compared to a thick and wide arborization pattern seen in dried cervical mucus
36
To test if premature birth is possible what tests should you do?
Gestational age (creatinine) and Fetal maturity (L/S ratio and Phosphatidyl glycerol)
37
It is a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) or erythroblastosis fetalis
38
Fluid for fetal lung maturity (FLM) tests should be placed in _____ for delivery to the laboratory and kept ______ until tested.
ice and refrigerated, respectively
39
Specimens for bilirubin testing must be immediately protected from?
light
40
How do you protect the amniotic fluid from light for bilirubin testing?
By placing the specimens in amber-colored tubes, wrapping the collection tube in foil, or using a black plastic cover for the specimen container
41
Specimens for cytogenetics studies or microbial studies must be processed at ________ and maintained at _________.
room temperature and body temperature (37 degrees Celsius incubation), respectively
42
Why do you have to keep the amniotic fluid for cytogenetic studies at room or body temperature?
To prolong the life of the cells needed for analysis
43
What is the clinical significance if the amniotic fluid is colorless?
Normal
44
What is the clinical significance if the amniotic fluid is dark green in color?
Meconium
45
What is the clinical significance if the amniotic fluid is blood-streaked?
traumatic-tap, abdominal trauma, intra-amniotic hemorrhage
46
What is the clinical significance if the amniotic fluid is yellow in color?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn HDN)
47
What is the clinical significance if the amniotic fluid is dark red-brown in color?
Fetal death :'((
48
Its presence in the amniotic fluid indicates that the baby is past due and needs to be delivered already
Meconium
49
A lipid produced at a constant rate after about 26 weeks of gestation
Sphingomyelin
50
A primary component of the surfactants that make up the alveolar lining and account for alveolar stability. Relatively low and constant rate until the 35th week of gestation
Lecithin
51
L/S ratio of _____ indicates a safer delivery in terms of fetal maturity.
2.0
52
Essential for adequate lung maturity and can be detected after 35 weeks of gestation
Phosphatidyl glycerol
53
This detects neural tube defects
Alpha fetal protein
54
This is used to detect chromosomal abnormalities and metabolic defects
Cytogenetic analysis
55
The significance of this test is to detect hemolytic disease of the newborn
Bilirubin scan
56
What is the normal value of L/S ratio?
2.0
57
What is the normal value of bilirubin scan?
0.025 mg/dl
58
What is the normal value of creatinine?
1.3-4.0 mg/dl
59
What is the normal value of Alpha fetal protein?
4.0 mg/dl
60
What is the normal value of Phosphatidyl glycerol?
Present lang sha :")
61
This is no longer performed because there are more scientific tests (like L/S ratio and Phosphatidyl glycerol)
Foam test
62
In the foam test, how many percent of ethanol do you add to the amniotic fluid?
95%
63
In the foam test, how long do you shake the sample?
15 seconds (vigorous shaking)
64
In the foam test, how long do you allow to sit the sample undisturbed?
15 minutes
65
What do you observe in the foam test?
Presence of continuous line of bubbles around the outside edge
66
Foam stability index
≥0.47 (indicates fetal lung maturity)
67
These surfactants are found in the alveoli and assess fetal lung maturity
L/S ratio and Phosphatidyl glycerol
68
This is also linked to early pregnancy symptoms such as nausea and vomiting
human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
69
The highest concentration of 95% ethanol that is able to support a ring of foam is known as?
Foam stability index
70
This is also detected in the mother's blood so performing amniocentesis is not necessary.
Alpha fetal protein
71
These are biochemical substances in the amniotic fluid that can be tested to determine the health or maturity of the fetus
bilirubin, lipids, enyzmes, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, uric acid, proteins, and hormones

AUBF Lab (FINALS) (3 decks)

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