HCA 150 Test #1 Flashcards
List your five body cavities
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Chest cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
What is between the chest cavity and abdominal cavity?
Diaphram
How many bones are in a human adult?
206
What are the different types of joints?
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivots
Saddle
Anterior
Towards or front of body
Distal
Furthest from the middle of body,
Lateral
Side of body
Medial
Near the midline
Posterior/dorsal
At the back of the body
Maximal
Nearest to the centre of body or points of origin
What are the four major microbes?
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasite
What are normal flora?
Micro organisms that naturally live in grow in a certain area of the body, but when they leave, they become pathogens.
Where can you find normal flora/good bacteria?
Skin, respiratory tract, digestive system, eyes, ears, vagina
What is an infection?
A disease resulting from the invasion and growth of microbes in the body
What is the chain of infection?
Infectious agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
What are some signs and symptoms of infection?
Fever
Chills
Sores
Redness/swelling
Discharge
Cough/sore throat
What’s the difference between medical and surgical asepsis?
Medical asepsis is clean it kills pathogens
Surgical asepsis is sterile. Kills pathogens and spores
What are the three outcomes of an infection?
Person becomes a host but doesn’t get sick
Person contracts infection and get sick
Person is immune
What does a high calorie diet intel?
-3000-4000
-calorie it’s for weight gain or thyroid imbalance
-large amounts of regular food
Describe a high fibre diet.
- for constipation and other gastrointestinal problems
-Includes rice, oat, whole wheat bread…
Describe a diabetic diet.
The same amount of food the same time everyday to keep blood sugar levels constant
Describe a low colestrol diet
Food with no fat and are prepared without adding extra fat ie. cottage cheese, fish, butter milk.
helps with gallbladder, heart diseases, liver and pancreas
Describe a low sodium diet.
Foods with low sodium fruit veggies unsalted butter…
Helps with heart disease, fluid retention, liver, and some pancreas diseases
Difference between infection and inflammation
Infection is the invasion and growth of microbes in the body and inflammation. Is the bodies protective response to the infection
What are the signs of an inflammation?
-Redness
-Heat
-Swelling
-Pain
-Loss of function
What is a skin tear?
Skin tear happen when a layer of the skin separates or peels back
What is a pressure ulcer
Injuries that happen the the skin and soft tissues as a result of prolonged pressure excreted on the skin
What are the 4 stages of pressure ulcer?
Stage one - skin is intact (redness, over boney areas)
Stage 2 - are partial thickness skin loss ( skinny, crack blisters)
Stage 3 - area has a crater. Due to damage to the skin surface
Stage 4 - area is severely damaged and a large wound is present.
The signs of pressure ulcer
Pale gray skin
Swelling
Tender area
Pus like draining
What is the difference between a circulatory officer in a venous ulcer?
Circulatory ulcers are open wounds on the lower leg or feet cause by decrease flow of blood through arteries and vains venous ulcers are open wounds on lower legs and feet caused by poor blood returns through veins
What are the 4 types of bones and give examples of each
Long- femur, radius, fibula
Short - wrist, ankles
Flat - skull, pelvis
Irregular - vertebrae, hip bone
Name what connection of the musculoskeletal system from tendons to bones
Tendons
Ligaments
Cartilage
Muscles
Bones
Function of tendons
Connects muscle to bone
Function of the ligament
Connects bones to bones
Function of cartilage
Pads and cushions the ends of bones ( where’s of overtime)
Function of the bones
Creates the framework of our body
Function of the muscle
Connects to bones and moves bones
What is a fracture?
The partial or complete break and the bones
What other things are damaged in fracture
Blood vessels, ligaments, muscles, and tendons
What are four causes of a fracture
Falls
Trauma
Vehicle accident
Direct blow
What is a closed reduction?
The process of lining up ends of fractured bones without the use of surgery i.e. cast
What is an open reduction?
The realignment of broken bones through surgery
What are signs of a UTI
Foul smelling urine
Pain and burning, when voiding
Hematuria blood in the urine
Fever and chills
Lower back pain
What is the meaning of oliguria?
Scant amounts of urine
What is the meaning of dysurie
Painful or difficulties voiding
What are some causes of UTI?
Catheterization
urological exam
Poor perineal care
Poor Fluid intake
List three ways to prevent UTI
Encourage fluid, intake
Monitor intake and output
Use correct ripe in techniques
What is the difference between acute and chronic
Acute illness occur suddenly and last short period of time while chronic illnesses occur over a long period of and can get worse over time
How to prevent constipation
Push fluid
Increase fibre intake
Encourage movement
Meaning Of dysphasia
Difficulty or impairment swallowing
What is the meaning of aspiration?
Food or liquid entering the lungs when swallowing
Meaning of aspiration, pneumonia
Bacterial pneumonia caused by aspiration
Meaning of pneumonitis
Inflammation in the lungs
What is a colostomy?
A colostomy is an opening created between the colon and the abdomen wall
What is an ileostomy?
An ileostomy is a surgically created, opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall
What is the difference between a occult blood and Frank blood?
Occult blood is old blood usually caused by bleeding in the upper abdomen while frank blood is fresh blood usually caused by bleeding in the lower abdomen
Describe an urge incontinence
Having a sudden, intense urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine
Describe an overflow incontinence
Experiencing frequent and constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn’t empty completely
Describe a functional incontinence
A physical or mental impairment that keeps you from making it to the bathroom on time
Describe a mixed incontinence
Experiencing more than one type of incontinence
What is the function of the cerebral cortex?
Controls, reasoning, conscience, speech, voluntary muscle movements, vision, hearing, and sensation
Function of the cerebellum
Regulates/coordinates body movements and balance
Function of the brain stem
Controls heart rate, breathing, blood vessel size, swallowing, coughing, and vomiting
What are the function of a dendrite?
Send and receives info and send it to the cell body
What is the function of the nucleus?
Keeps the nerves alive
What is the function of the axon?
Has a long extension carries info away from the cell and transmits info to different nerve or muscles and glands 
What does the myelin sheath do?
Protect the nerves
Describe the function of afferent nerves
Nerves that carry info to the central nervous system
Describe the function of an efferent nerves
Fibres that carry new neural impulse away from the spinal cord
What does this sympathetic nervous system control?
mobilize the body in response to emergencies
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Helps the body conserve energy helps body return to normal activities
What is a stroke
Sudden loss of brain function due to not enough oxygen to the brain
What is the role of the cerebral cortex?
To control reasoning, consciousness, speech, voluntary muscle movements, vision hearing sensation
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Regulates and coordinate body movement and balance
What is the role of the brain stem?
Control, heart breathing blood vessels, coughing, swallowing, and vomiting
What does the left hemisphere of the brain control?
Language logic, and reasoning, computation
What is the function of the right side of the brain?
Face recognition, Music, art
What does your peripheral nervous system consist of?
Somatic and autonomic
What is our somatic nervous system?
It’s consists of nerves that connect to volunteering skeletal muscles and sensory receptors
What is the difference between afférent and efferent
Afferent Are nerves that carry information to the central nervous system
Efferent nerves are fibres that carry neural impulses away from the spinal cord
Function of the sympathetic nervous system
Mobilizes the body to respond to emergencies
Function of the parasympathetic nervous system
Helps conserve the bodies, energy and return the body to normal activities
What are the four components of a nerve
The dendrite, nucleus axon, myelin sheath
Function of dendrite
Send and receive info and send it to the cell body
Function of the nucleus
To keep the nerve alive
Function of the axon
Carries information away from the cell and transmit it to different neurons, muscles and glands
Function of myelin sheath
Protect the nerve
What causes stroke?
Loss of function in the brain, due to some kind of interruption, where there’s not enough oxygen in the brain
What causes multiple sclerosis?
Damage to myelin sheath that decreases nerve function
What is Huntington’s disease?
Inherited degenerative brain disease
What is Parkinson’s disease?
Long-term breakdown of brain cells that causes impairment in motor and non-motor movements
Difference between hypertension and hypotension
Hypertension is high blood pressure with a BP of 140/90 and hypertension is low blood pressure with a BP of 90/40
What is myocardial infraction?
Heart tissue dies due to lack of oxygen
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Lung disease, causing, restricted, airflow, and breathing problems
