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HC3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive models of psychopathology

A

Problems of human behavior are the consequences of biases, distortions, or inadequacies in the interpretation or evaluation of life events

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2
Q

Errors in information processing

A

selective focus on negative information

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3
Q

Cognitive biases in depression

A

mediator –> exacerbate/maintain depression and anxiety directly & indirectly + negative impact on behavior (passivity, avoidance or isolation

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4
Q

Beck’s cognitive model

A

= emphasis on information processing

  • schema’s: influence information processing, direct attention or affect memory of events.
  • Negative automatic thoughts: people with anxiety or depression have distortions in their thinking
  • typical biases
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5
Q

Personalizing

A

“it was directed at me/ it was my fault”

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6
Q

catastrophizing

A

“Everything is ruined, this is the worst that can happen”

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7
Q

Dichotomous thinking

A

all or nothing/black-white thinking

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8
Q

Fortune telling

A

Predicting the future with little information

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9
Q

Discounting the positives

A

Focusing on the negative

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10
Q

Overgeneralizing

A

Drawing broad conclusions over a single event (“I failed this paper so I’m not good enough for this study”)

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11
Q

Mindreading

A

Attributing thoughts and feelings to others based on little infor (“He will think i’m stupid if I ask him that”)

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12
Q

Labeling

A

In rigid terms of personality or moral failing (“he cam 15 minutes late so he is a jerk”)

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13
Q

Low frustration tolerance

A

“I can’t handle only checking the door once”

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14
Q

Double standards

A

If I make a mistake I’m a failure, If he makes a mistake he is still learning

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15
Q

What to do with dysfunctional cognitive structures

A
  1. Increase awareness
  2. Challenge or test
  3. if needed change
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16
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Information is selected that is consistent with existing schemas –> maintenance of schemas

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17
Q

Cognitive model of personality disorder & Young’s Schema Focused Therapy

A

emphasize the content of specific schemas about self and others underlying personality disorders

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18
Q

Personal schemas are characterized by

A

underdeveloped tendencies (eg lack of spontaneithy)
overdeveloped tendencies (eg control & systematization)

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19
Q

OCPD

A

May see others as irresponsible, unreliable –> biased perception of others contribute to maintaining personal schemas

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20
Q

Learned helplessness/learned hopelessness models of depression

A

Attribution model: tendency to attribute negative events to internal-stable causes (ability/traits), to generalize negatives (I will fail on other tasks), and to attribute considerable importance to the behavior –> greater vulnerability to depression

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21
Q

Chomsky’s psycholinguistics

A

Language is too complex and too universally similar to be learned by simple reinforcement –> proposed the existence of the language acquisition device (LAD) as an innate capacity (in infants)

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22
Q

LAD similar to Platotonic ideals or Kant’s synthetic a priori (innate categories of knowledge)

A

humans are born with a theory about what language will look like –> Humans are language learners

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23
Q

Cognitive-social psychology

A

cognitive processes involved in impression formation (about others), decision making, self-perception, motivation, and memory

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24
Q

Naive psychology

A

hoe the average person formed psychological concepts (intention, motivation)

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25
Earlier model of depression
Depression is a consequence of the individual's perception that behavior and outcomes are unrelated (noncontingent)
26
Reformulated model of depression
depression is a consequence of the belief that failure is due to a stable and internal factor (lack of ability) that is generalized
27
Freudian hypothesis of depression
Depression is anger turned inwards
28
Ellis
Pathology was entirely due to irrational beliefs such as should statements, awfulizing and low frustration tolerance
29
Beck
Testing the freudian hypothesis that depression was anger turned inwards. He found that the dreams of depressed people were characterized by themes of loss, emptiness and failure.
30
Negative triad
negative thoughts about self, experience and future
31
Plato's cave analogy and cognitive therapy
A group of chained men observing shadows on a wall, considering them as reality. One man turns around, sees figures causing the shadows, and redefines reality. --> cognitive reality is similar to unchaining oneself to perceive true forms --> The therapist assists the patient in recognizing that what he may believe he is seeing is a poor reflection of the true reality
32
Cognitive restructuring
- increase awareness of - challenge or test - if needed change --> dysfunctional cognitive structures that result in biased information processing
33
Techniques in Cognitive Restructuring:
* Rate and degree of belief. * Define terms and concept. * Examine advantages/disadvantages of belief. * Evaluate evidence for/against the belief. * Apply the belief to another person (double-standard technique). * Identify errors of logic, implications, and engage in rational role-play. * Conduct behavioral experiments to test beliefs.
34
Specific techniques: * Identifying, Monitoring, and Categorizing Automatic Thoughts:
* Patients record negative moods, specific triggering situations, and accompanying thoughts. * Self-report forms like thought records help identify cognitive distortions. * Patterns emerge, revealing habitual cognitive distortions.
35
Specific techniques: * Examining Evidence for and Against Thoughts:
* Cognitive therapy focuses on realistic thinking, examining evidence for and against negative thoughts. * Patients evaluate the evidence, defining terms and exploring both success and failure examples.
36
Specific techniques: Using Vertical Descent: (downward arrow technique
* Patients identify initial negative thoughts and explore deeper implications through vertical descent. * String of implications is examined for logical coherence, introducing constructive doubt.
37
Behavioral activation, a first-line treatment for depression
Often used alongside cognitive therapy. --> emphasizes the link between activity and mood, suggesting that depression involves contextual changes leading to decreased access to reinforcers.
38
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
teaches patients to accept negative thoughts without actively challenging or changing them, emphasizing mindfulness and nonjudgmental awareness.
39
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
suggests that acceptance-oriented validation strategies should be used alongside change-oriented strategies, recognizing, and accepting the existence of simultaneous, opposing forces in the patient's experience.
40
Positive Psychology
to better understand and apply those factors that help individuals and communities to thrive and flourish.
41
Socratic Dialogue
Exploring and critically evaluating thoughts, beliefs and assumptions. Guided discovery: let client arrive at insights by thinking for themselves --> client in active position, therapist is a guide not advisor No advise, no judgement, work together, paraphrasing/summarizing ("are we on the same page?")
42
First wave therapy
Behaviorism --> directly targeting behavior (conditioning)
43
Second wave therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy--> integrate thoughts (focus on content)
44
Third wave therapy
Acceptance & commitment Therapy (ACT: MBCT, DBT, EFT) --> focus on how we relate to our internal experiences
45
The goal of ACT
Acceptance: Stop the struggle with your internal experiences Commitment: direct your attention to building a meaningful, fulfilling, value-driven life
46
(ACT) Acceptance as a skill
Get acquainted with emotions: - Mindfulness --> observing emotions and staying with them - Exposure --> situations that trigger difficult emotions
47
Cognitive Defusion
Fusion is when a person identifies oneself with the content of thoughts, feelings, and memories "I am a loser" Defusion --> learning to perceive thoughts, images, memories and other cognitions as what they are - mental events in the form of images, words, language etc. - as opposed to what they can appear to be - threatening events, rules that must be obeyed, objective truths and facts
48
Strengths theory
emphasizes understanding and building upon strengths rather than focusing on or repairing weaknesses for growth and well-being
49
A negative bias
often leads people to weigh negative aspects of situations more heavily than positive aspects
50
Fix-it approach
errors in thinking lead to the belief that strengths develop naturally without nurturing and the misconception that strengths and weaknesses are opposites.
51
Seligman's happiness formula
discovering and capitalizing on one's character strengths leading to engagement with life and increased satisfaction and happiness
52
Broaden and build theory (Frederickson)
emphasizes the utility and importance of positive emotions. Positive emotions are crucial for survival and flourishing in life.
53
Principles of Positive Psychology
- Strengths theory - Broaden and build theory of positive emotions - Complete state model of mental health - Four-front approach to client assessment
54
Broaden and build theory of positive emotions components
1. Broaden hypothesis positive emotions broaden thought-actions repertoire 2. Build hypothesis positive emotions help build personal resources 3. Undoing hypothesis Positive emotions help undo negative emotions 4. Resilience hypothesis positive emotions trigger upward spirals of well-being (enhancing coping and resilience) 5. Flourish hypothesis Is a key predictor of human flourishing: the ratio of positive to negative affect.
55
The complete state model of mental health
mental health & mental illness exist on two separate continuums
56
completely mentally healthy
flourishing
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completely mentally ill
floundering
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incompletely mentally healthy
languishing
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incompletely mentally ill
struggling
60
Four front approach
Client possesses strengths AND weaknesses along opportunities AND destructive forces in their environment --> failure to consider the role of environment = common error
61
Seligman's three components of happiness
1 pleasant life 2 engaged life 3 meaningful life
62
Positive psychotherapy
focusing on building client strengths, positive emotions and increasing meaning in life to alleviate psychopathology and foster happiness
63
Experiental avoidance
attempts to avoid private experiences (thoughts, emotions, memories, bodily sensations and behavioral predispositions)
64
Paradox of control ACT: fingertrap
The harder you pull the tighter the trap becomes. But, if you push your finger into the trap the trap becomes less tight --> clients are encouraged to explore acceptance by metaphorically pushing into the trap rather than pulling away.
65
DBT
targets acceptance, mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness skilss (effective for BPD)
66
Different view of acceptance Beck vs Ellis
Ellis: acceptance = major component in treatment (RET) Beck: acceptance as a minor treatment component (acceptance is not a mechanism of change)
67
Relaxation in acceptance-based treatment
When used with exposure it can facilitate arousal (acceptance in general) When used as a distractor from emotional difficulties it can undermine acceptance interventions

Cognitive Behavior Interventions (4 decks)

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