HC2 -OMICS

Question 1

genome annotation

Answer 1

the process of identifying the locations of genes and all of the coding regions of a genome and determining what those genes do.

Question 2

landmarks used for annotation

Answer 2

• start (AUG) + stopcodons (AGU, UAA, UAG)
• exons/introns
  -regulatory DNA seq.
• AAUAAA seq: signal for 3’ trimming and polyA tail addition

Question 3

splice site

Answer 3

5’AG/GURAGU —— YURAC—-NCAG/GUYYY

Question 4

differential splicing

Answer 4

combination of different exons: resulting in different proteins

Question 5

synteny

Answer 5

preserved order of genes between related organisms.

Question 6

non- and synonymous substitution

Answer 6

non-synonymous substitution (Ka): base change leads to different amino acid
synonymous substitution (Ks): base change leads to same amino acid.

Ka/Ks <1 = strong selection
Ka/Ks > 1 = no selection

Question 7

homologs

Answer 7

A gene related to a second gene by descent from a common ancestral DNA sequence

Question 8

orthologs

Answer 8

when comparing species. they are genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation. often have the same function.

Question 9

paralogs

Answer 9

genes related by duplication within a genome. they evolve new functions.

Question 10

microarrays

Answer 10

used to meaure gene expression in certain tissues.
- choose gene-specific DNA molecules
- add mRNA of two different tissues/conditions etc.
- hybridization of mRNA to matching DNA seq.
- wash away non-hybridizes sequences
- scan for the two signals (red/green)

Question 11

RNAseq

Answer 11

directly sequencing RNA or via cDNA. high throuhgput sequencing.

Question 12

mass spectrometer

Answer 12

put peptides into ion source go through mass analyser and to the detector.