HC1- evolution and genes

Question 1

Out of africa theory

Answer 1

humans have neanderthal dna, everyone is 99.9% identical

Question 2

Evolution theory

Answer 2

all organisms have a common ancestor.
support: bigeography, fossil records, structural similarities, embryology, molecular biology

Question 3

bigeography

Answer 3

organisms are indegenous to environments

Question 4

natural selection

Answer 4

traits beneficial for survival and reproduction become more common

Question 5

karotype

Answer 5

organised set of chromosomes in cell nucleus (46 chromosomes -> 22 identical pairs + 23rd is XY or XX)

Question 6

genome

Answer 6

complete set of DNA in an organism

Question 7

chromosome

Answer 7

long DNA strand wound on histones

Question 8

telomere

Answer 8

Region at the tip of a chromosome that protects DNA during cell division

Question 9

histones

Answer 9

Proteins used to fold the DNA so it doesn’t become tangled

Question 10

gene

Answer 10

part of dna with instructions to make proteins on a chromosome

Question 11

allele

Answer 11

two alternative forms of a gene controlling the same trait found on the same place on a chromosome

Question 12

genotype

Answer 12

influenced by a single gene, following a pattern of inheritance. presence or absence of a disease, unaffected by the environment (huntingtons)

Question 13

phenotype

Answer 13

no pattern of inheritance, observable based on the environment and genes (ADHD, manifests based on evironment)

Question 14

mendelian inheritance

Answer 14

inheritance based on dominant and recessive genes (huntingtons is AA or Aa)

Question 15

mitosis

Answer 15

cellular division after fertilization to complete an organism. the basis of variation(tiny differences in DNA). the chromosomes can cross over, break, and rejoin, producing a variation in the genetic code

Question 16

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

Answer 16

DNA, double strand of nucleotides with instructions to make proteins and to replicate itself

Question 17

nucleotides

Answer 17

form pairs (A-T, C-G)

Question 18

replication(DNA function)

Answer 18

two strands of nucleotide bases unravel, the exposure attracts complement from unattached bases in the nucleus. the unravelled strand now has a full complement of attached nucleotide bases therefore identical to the original

Question 19

Protein synthesis (DNA function)

Answer 19

transcription -> splicing -> translation -> processing

Question 20

transcription

Answer 20

1st step, in the nucleus a piece of DNA is copied into RNA (shorter so can leave nucleus)

Question 21

translation

Answer 21

3rd step, mRNA turn into amino acids because of ribosome. each mRNA merges with transferRNA anticodon

Question 22

splicing

Answer 22

2nd step, spliceosomes split introns (stay in nucleus) and exons (exit nucleus) RNA -> mRNA

Question 23

mRNA

Answer 23

connects with the ribosome and merges with tRNA -> anticodon -> protein

Question 24

anticodon

Answer 24

complementary codon to the mRNA on the tRNA (T=U)

Question 25

post-translational protein processing

Answer 25

4th step, large proteins are cut into smaller proteins, making multiple proteins from one gene

Question 26

protein functions

Answer 26

building blocks, NT or hormone receptors, form ribosomes, fuel for energy and heat production, muscle contraction, kill invaders, transport O2 in rbc, enzyme to metabolise chemical reactions

Question 27

enzyme

Answer 27

molecular glue/scissors, biological catalyst

Question 28

polymorphism

Answer 28

differences in dna sequences in individuals, increases risk for a disorder

Question 29

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

Answer 29

polymorphism with long stretches of DNA

Question 30

Mutations

Answer 30

change in a single gene that is rare and can manifest gene difference

Question 31

tandem repeats

Answer 31

sequences of DNA where a specific pattern of nucleotides is repeated consecutively. These repeated units are adjacent to each other and can vary in size, sequence, and number of repetitions. Tandem repeats are a common feature of the genome and can be found in both coding and non-coding regions of DNA.

Question 32

epigenetics

Answer 32

functional modification of the genome that do not involve a change in de DNA sequence. Phenotypical changes in response to environmental exposure. can switch genes on or off