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Biological psychology > HC1- evolution and genes > Flashcards

HC1- evolution and genes Flashcards

1
Q

Out of africa theory

A

humans have neanderthal dna, everyone is 99.9% identical

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2
Q

Evolution theory

A

all organisms have a common ancestor.
support: bigeography, fossil records, structural similarities, embryology, molecular biology

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3
Q

bigeography

A

organisms are indegenous to environments

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4
Q

natural selection

A

traits beneficial for survival and reproduction become more common

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5
Q

karotype

A

organised set of chromosomes in cell nucleus (46 chromosomes -> 22 identical pairs + 23rd is XY or XX)

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6
Q

genome

A

complete set of DNA in an organism

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7
Q

chromosome

A

long DNA strand wound on histones

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8
Q

telomere

A

Region at the tip of a chromosome that protects DNA during cell division

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9
Q

histones

A

Proteins used to fold the DNA so it doesn’t become tangled

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10
Q

gene

A

part of dna with instructions to make proteins on a chromosome

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11
Q

allele

A

two alternative forms of a gene controlling the same trait found on the same place on a chromosome

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12
Q

genotype

A

influenced by a single gene, following a pattern of inheritance. presence or absence of a disease, unaffected by the environment (huntingtons)

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13
Q

phenotype

A

no pattern of inheritance, observable based on the environment and genes (ADHD, manifests based on evironment)

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14
Q

mendelian inheritance

A

inheritance based on dominant and recessive genes (huntingtons is AA or Aa)

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15
Q

mitosis

A

cellular division after fertilization to complete an organism. the basis of variation(tiny differences in DNA). the chromosomes can cross over, break, and rejoin, producing a variation in the genetic code

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16
Q

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

A

DNA, double strand of nucleotides with instructions to make proteins and to replicate itself

17
Q

nucleotides

A

form pairs (A-T, C-G)

18
Q

replication(DNA function)

A

two strands of nucleotide bases unravel, the exposure attracts complement from unattached bases in the nucleus. the unravelled strand now has a full complement of attached nucleotide bases therefore identical to the original

19
Q

Protein synthesis (DNA function)

A

transcription -> splicing -> translation -> processing

20
Q

transcription

A

1st step, in the nucleus a piece of DNA is copied into RNA (shorter so can leave nucleus)

21
Q

translation

A

3rd step, mRNA turn into amino acids because of ribosome. each mRNA merges with transferRNA anticodon

22
Q

splicing

A

2nd step, spliceosomes split introns (stay in nucleus) and exons (exit nucleus) RNA -> mRNA

23
Q

mRNA

A

connects with the ribosome and merges with tRNA -> anticodon -> protein

24
Q

anticodon

A

complementary codon to the mRNA on the tRNA (T=U)

25
Q

post-translational protein processing

A

4th step, large proteins are cut into smaller proteins, making multiple proteins from one gene

26
Q

protein functions

A

building blocks, NT or hormone receptors, form ribosomes, fuel for energy and heat production, muscle contraction, kill invaders, transport O2 in rbc, enzyme to metabolise chemical reactions

27
Q

enzyme

A

molecular glue/scissors, biological catalyst

28
Q

polymorphism

A

differences in dna sequences in individuals, increases risk for a disorder

29
Q

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

A

polymorphism with long stretches of DNA

30
Q

Mutations

A

change in a single gene that is rare and can manifest gene difference

31
Q

tandem repeats

A

sequences of DNA where a specific pattern of nucleotides is repeated consecutively. These repeated units are adjacent to each other and can vary in size, sequence, and number of repetitions. Tandem repeats are a common feature of the genome and can be found in both coding and non-coding regions of DNA.

32
Q

epigenetics

A

functional modification of the genome that do not involve a change in de DNA sequence. Phenotypical changes in response to environmental exposure. can switch genes on or off

Biological psychology (2 decks)

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